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IN

N the pages of THE LITERARY DIGEST we have from time to time given our readers the latest thought and opinion pro and con in regard to the new hypnotism, as expressed in the contemporaneous periodical literature of the day. Quite recently hypnotism as a science has been placed upon its defense by the investigations and experiments made by Dr. Ernest Hart at La Charité Hospital, L'Ecole Polytechnique, and elsewhere in Paris, and his accounts thereof given in papers in the Nineteenth Century and the British Medical Journal.* Nor have the champions of hypnotism been at all laggard in its defense. Last week we published a comprehensive digest of a reply to Dr. Hart by Dr. C. Lloyd Tuckey, one of the earliest

*For Dr. Hart's articles, see THE LITERARY DIGEST, Vol. VI., No. 18, p. 478-"Some Phases of Hypnotism Exposed "; and No. 19, p. 520-" Dangers of Hypnotism." Dr. Tuckey's reply may be found in No. 21, at p. 572.

writers on the subject, and perhaps the first physician to make use of "the new hypnotism in his practice. This week we give a summary of Dr. Hart's most recent paper, and one of a paper by a physician holding quite different views.

THE POSITION OF HYPNOTISM IN THERAPEUTICS.

In a late number of the British Medical Journal (London) Dr. Ernest Hart continues, under the above caption, his discussions of hypnotism. He considers it proved that the hypnotic condition is a real and admitted clinical fact; that, setting aside all humbugs and fallacies, there is still the solid basis of the subjective condition of artificially induced sleep and heightened suggestibility. In reply to the question, What use can be made of the power of suggestion as a curative agent? he quotes the evidence of Dr. Luys, Dr. Charcot, Dr. Babinski, and M. Ballet, resulting from years of clinical experiment in Paris and in Nancy. Of M. Babinski's lecture at the Salpêtrière, June 23, 1891, he says:

"He opens his lecture very frankly with the statement following: At the Salpêtrière, without at all objecting to hypnotism as a weapon of the therapeutic arsenal, it is considered that its indications are limited, and that this mode of cure can hardly be applied with success except in hysteria. In any case it may be affirmed that the greater part of the effects which have been cured by this method arise from and belong to that neurosis. Hypnotism may serve in the treatment of hysterical manifestations, but it must be acknowledged that even in affections of this class hypnotic practice does not give brilliant results.'

His final conclusion .. is that, outside of hysteria, there does not exist a single affection capable of being notably modified by hypnotism, or, at least, that the contrary is not proved, for the observations published with that object are far from being demonstrative. Of course the opposite thesis is maintained by M. Bernheim, but after the close analysis to which Dr. Babinski subjects the cases published by Dr. Bernheim in his two books on psychotherapy and suggestion, there remains very little which can be accepted as substantial.

Besides bodily diseases, some alienist physicians have alleged that mental maladies may be cured by hypnotism. M. Magnan authorizes the statement that experiments made on the treatment of insanity by hypnotism at the Bureau de l'Admission for three years have given no appreciable result, while M. Bernheim himself recognizes that the domain of mental alienation is the most rebellious to suggestion. Dr. Forel, of Zurich, says:‘Insane ideas have never been modified in any patient. Even those whom I succeeded in hypnotizing, in rendering anæsthetic amnesic, and I made realize post-hypnotic suggestions, refused to accept any suggestion opposed to their own insane ideas. I never succeeded in influencing the course of true melancholia (I do not speak of hysteric melancholia) by suggestion; at most I was able sometimes to produce sleep, and in one case to hasten convalescence.' M. Briaud, Chief Physician of the Asile of Villejuif, said 'I have many times attempted to send to sleep the insane and delirious who presented no hysteric taint, but I was never fortunate enough to obtain any result.' If this is so in France, the results are likely to be at least as negative in Great Britain, where the population is undoubtedly much less susceptible to suggestion."

After discussing the topic of "hypnotic suggestion before the law," and dismissing it as of no authenticated value, Dr. Hart passes to the domain of surgery and obstetrics, and quotes Dr. Luys to prove that therein, since the discovery of chloroform, hypnotic suggestion has no value. In conclusion Dr. Hart says:

"To me the so-called cures by hypnotism seem to rank precisely in the same class as those of the faith-curer.

So far as I can see the balance is in favor of the faith-curer of the chapel and the grotto. The results at least are proportionately as numerous, and they are more rapid. Numerically there are, I incline to think, more faith-cures at Lourdes than there are 'suggestion-cures' in the Salpêtrière or the Charité. So far as hypnotism is good for anything as a curative agent, its sphere is limited by Charcot, Féré, Babinski, and all the most trustworthy medical observers of Paris, to the relief of functional disorder and symp