How Related to Your Cousin's | kinship that subsists between persons of whom Child-The Standard a New De- one is descended in a direct line from the other, parture in Dictionary-Making- as between father, son, grandson. The Present Meaning of a Word the One Most Often Sought-The Standard the Model for All Popular Word Books.

[NOTE.-Definitions which appear from time to time in these columns are covered by the copyright of the Standard Dictionary. These definitions have not passed their final revision.]

Degree of Consanguinity Between

One and His Cousin's Child.

My Webster defines cousins-german as 'cousins having the same grandfather,' or 'the children of brothers and sisters.' It also says, 'In the second generatio.. they are called second cousins,' by which I understand that the children of first cousins are second cousins. This being the case, what is the degree of relationship existing between one of these second cousins and the parent of the other? Can you not define or explain the degree of relationship in the new STANDARD? E. M. WILSON.

"BELFAST, N. Y."

The relationship existing between a man and the child of his first cousin is that of first cousin once removed, though it is often spoken of as that of second cousin. The degree of relationship depends upon what rule for computing degrees of consanguinity is adopted. We give below the "Standard's" definitions of cousin and consanguinity, that fully explain the methods of computation.

cousin-n. One collaterally related by descent from a common ancestor, but not a brother or sister. The children of brothers and sisters are first cousins; the children of first cousins are second cousins, etc. A first cousin once removed is the child of one's first cousin ; a first cousin twice removed is the grandchild of one's first cousin, etc. A second cousin once removed is the child of one's second cousin, etc. Cousin-german, first or full cousin. Quater-cousin, any cousin within the first four degrees of consanguinity [by Canon Law].

consanguinity-n. The relationship that proceeds from a common ancestry, as distinguished from affinity, or relationship by marriage; blood relationship.

"It was very pleasant to find a young, bright, slim, rose-colored kinswoman all ready to recognize consanquinity when one came back from cousinless lands." HENRY JAMES, Tragic Music, vol. ii., ch. 29, p. 511. [H. M. & Co., '90.]

"We must not, then, put too much faith in consanguinity. Family quarrels are proverbially the fiercest." -G, G. GOODRICH, Recollections of a Lifetime, vol. ii., letter xliii., p. 220. [M. O. & Co., '51.]

a

Degrees of consanguinity are computed differently in canon law and in civil law. In canon law the degree is determined by the number of steps between the common ancestor and the one the further removed from him. Thus, not only first cousins, but also uncle and nephew are related in the 2d degree, because the nephew, as grandson, is two degrees from the common ancestor; the canon law computation is in use (with various modifications) in England, and in most of the States of the United States.

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THE DRINK-PROBLEM IN GREAT
BRITAIN.

E present hereunder articles from a number of the lead

Wing British Reviews in relation to the drink-question.

As will be seen from the articles themselves, which are by some of the ablest writers on the subject, all the advocates of temperance are looking to Parliament and demanding legislation; while there is a wide diversity of opinion as to the kind of legislation that is wanted. There are three schemes which are prominently urged at the present time in England. First, the Direct-Veto system-or, as we would call it here, local option-which is urged by the prohibionists—or extremists, as they are styled by those who do not share their views. Second, the Manchester proposals, the main feature of which is gradual reduction of the number of drinking-places by a time-limit to their licenses, and which has the support of many “moderate" temperance people. Third, the Bishop of Chester's plan, which is a modification of the Gothenburg system, and is brought

forward as a sort of compromise measure on which extremists and moderates may unite. All these plans are presented by warm advocates, and, as the problem of Great Britain is not essentially different from our own, the discussion cannot be without interest to American readers.

ATTITUDE OP THE ADVANCED TEMPERANCE PARTY.

In the Contemporary Review (London) for January, W. S. Caine, M.P., presents "The Attitude of the Advanced Temperance Party" in England. By this expression he includes all organizations whose objects are total abstinence for the individual or prohibition for the State. Foremost among such organizations he places the British Temperance League, the United Kingdom Alliance, the Independent Order of Good Templars, the National Temperance League, the Scottish Temperance League, the Scottish Permissive Bill Association, the Irish Temperance League, the British Women's Temperance Association, the great temperance benefit societies of Rechabites, Sons of Temperance, and the Phoenix. He says:

"I omit from this list one of the most active and useful temperance societies in the Kingdom, the Church of England Temperance Society. Its rules do not prescribe total abstinence for the individual, though most of its members are total abstainers, nor does it agitate for prohibition, though many of its members are among its most strenuous advocates."

Mr. Caine claims that at least 700,000 of the electors of the Kingdom are connected with one or other of these societies, who are personal abstainers, and look to prohibition as the goal of their political action, and that for fifty years the Advanced Temperance Party has virtually done all that has been done against the drink-habit and the public-house that ministers to it. He says:

"It is a mere truism to say that public-houses and all other drinking facilities do not exist for the teetotaler, but for the drinker; and the law is explicit enough in its intention that they should exist, not for the drunkard, but for the moderate drinker.

"It is equally certain that the social products of the liquortraffic cannot be found in the ranks of the Total Abstinence movement. Among these products are a million paupers, another million drunkards, two hundred thousand jail-birds, and three hundred thousand prostitutes. None of these are teetotalers; practically, the whole are to be found among drinkers. We therefore claim that, as an Advanced Temperance Party, we have purged a population of at least six millions in this country from all this inass of human corruption; and that the universal acceptance of total abstinence would bring with it the practical extinction of poverty, drunkenness, crime, and vice, with such moral and material progress, that any country adopting our principles by habit, and confirming them by legislation, must, in consequence, step into the first place among the nations of the world."

The writer contends that the problem which all licensing laws have tried to solve is, "how moderate drinkers may obtain a reasonable supply of intoxicating liquors without demoralizing the community"; that nobody can want more than this; and he adds: “The Advanced Temperance Party will not rest satisfied with anything else." He further holds that all past experience of licensing and control has failed to solve the problem, and that nothing short of prohibition will extinguish the demoralization. He denies emphatically the charge tha, the Advanced Temperance Party has obstructed wise and practical legislation in the past, and especially that this party prevented Bruce's Bill of 1871 from becoming a law. Of this Bill he says:

They [the United Kingdom Alliance] accepted it as a bold and comprehensive measure, containing elements of possible finality;