who, by careful and prayerful guidance, may be led to join the Christian Church.

It

Undoubtedly Islam has a future in the world of thought, if not of action. Not the future outlined by Ibn Ishak; namely, the erection of domes and minarets in Liverpool and Boston, or the regeneration of the Western world, but a future in those vast and populous continents of Africa and Asia, where the teachings of the Prophet have so manifest a stronghold. may prepare the way for Christianity in the regions of Central Africa as well as those of Central Asia. I cannot regard Mohanimedanism as an unqualified good, but it does not usually take the rum cask and the beer barrel in the advance of its missionaries. It tries to keep men sober whilst it preaches the existence of Allah.

A

SPIRITUALISM AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. EDITORIAL.

Month, London, October.

NYONE who believes in the central fact of Christianity must, by the very fact of his belief, be a dogmatist so far as regards the Divinity of Jesus Christ. He must also, if he is consistent in his belief, regard with the utmost abhorrence any system or any influence that tends to weaken the authority of the Son of God over the hearts of men. Anyone, moreover, who believes in the inspiration of Holy Scripture must hold that any spiritual agency that opposes the doctrine of the Incarnation, is of necessity not of God, but of the Evil One. "Every spirit that dissolveth Jesus is not of God, and this is Antichrist of whom you have heard that He cometh, and is now already in the world.”* Every Christian holds any fact, statement, or phenomenon which traverses this central doctrine of Christianity to be of Hell. In this respect he is bound to be intolerant. He cannot, as a lover of God's truth, show any consideration for it. A fact it cannot be, as a statement it is false, as a phenomenon it must be a mere imposture. When, therefore, we find the revelations of spiritualism "dissolving Christ," denying His Divinity, weakening our faith in Him, rendering those who allow themselves to be entangled in their meshes averse to all that implies dependence on God, and a recognition of His claims to our obedience, we are bound, as Soldiers of Christ, to denounce such revelations, and warn the faithful against them as not only dangerous but as ruinous to the souls of men. Men who pride themselves on their progressive tendencies and who regard the solid conservatism of the Catholic Church as the great bar to the advance of modern intelligence, may denounce this as an intolerance that leads to persecution and cruelty. They may attempt to obscure the point at issue by talking about our desire to consign those who teach doctrines opposed to our own beliefs to the dungeon and the stake, but their language, if they are consistent, amounts to a denial of the paramount importance of the central fact of Christianity, and a refusal to accept Holy Scripture as ultimate authority.

Now the general tenor of the messages received by the professors of Spiritualism from the spirit-world is certainly incompatible with the teaching of the Catholic Church or with any form of professed Christianity. We, therefore, conclude that their author cannot be Almighty God, or the spirits of the blessed. There is evidence of a strong flavor of the preternatural and the infernal in the communication made to the mediums. From this it follows that the effect of such communications on those to whom they are made must be most *i St. John iv.: 3.

pernicious. Another characteristic of these messages is that they are in great part utter twaddle, and almost always contemptible from a literary point of view-fit product of those whose intelligences were blasted forever by the just judgment of God.

Another point must occur to any one if he is already acquainted with the lucubrations of the great spirits of Theosophy. He cannot fail to notice the curious similarity of style and thought existing between the spirits of the dead and the Mahatmas who hold converse with Mr. Sinnett, and of whose style he gives some instances in his Occult Philosophy. There is the same frothy verbiage, the same mixture of highsounding truisms and implicit falsehoods, the same general littleness and emptiness that render both contemptible from a literary point of view. But, returning to the more serious aspect of the question. We observe in the general drift of their teaching two peculiarities: (1) Its object invariably is to abstract from, and not to add to, the amount of dogmatic truth held by the persons to whom it is communicated. (2) It always leads up by indirect methods, for the most part by suggestion and insinuation, to the inculcation of doctrines which undermine the Christian religion.

This is a good illustration of the policy pursued in the subversion of truth by those who are too wise to make a direct assault that might scare away the victim who is to be enclosed in a net of spiritualism. It is but one instance out of many in which the result of the intercourse with the spirit is invariably, sooner or later, to destroy faith.

And with the decay of faith hope dies also; there is experienced a disgust for the sacraments, and an aversion to prayer. The intercession of the saints is no longer welcome to one who has intercourse with the spirits; and above all, devotion to the Holy Mother of God is sure to fade away and disappear. At this stage the spirits usually exercise their subversive influence until one by one all the doctrines of Christianity are undermined; and, this accomplished, the mind is gradually poisoned by an inrush of abominable and wicked imaginations.

Finally, spiritualism is strictly forbidden by Holy Scripture, and by the Catholic Church, under pain of mortal sin, and is a direct and formal insult to Almighty God.

MISCELLANEOUS.

AMERICUS VESPUCIUS. ELIOT F. HALL.

Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, New York, September 30.

IT.

T seems to be well known to everybody that the name “America” was derived more or less directly from Vespucius. The feeling, too, is prevalent, if not universal, that this was all wrong; that the Western Continent ought to have been named after Christopher Columbus, who discovered it, and that the author of the injustice must have been Vespucius himself. A torrent of abuse has been showered upon him for the imputed robbery, and one of the latest contributions to this dark and dismal flood was made by the distinguished philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, in the following passage from his "English Traits": "Strange that broad America must wear the name of a thief."

More than fifty years ago, Alexander von Humboldt entered into an elaborate discussion of the origin of the name "America." He pointed out clearly where and by whom the name was first suggested, and fully exonerated Vespucius from all blame in the matter.

First in the chain of events that led to the suggestion of "America" was the third voyage of Vespucius, in which, as in all his voyages, he served only in a subordinate position as pilot

or astronomer, or both. In this third voyage he sailed from Lisbon May 14, 1501, and returned there September. 7, 1502. He first touched the coast of Brazil at San Roque in latitude about 5° S. Thence he followed the coast as far as latitude 34 S., and then struck out to the southeast and reached the island of South Georgia, in latitude 54 S. Up to that time this was probably the longest voyage that had ever been made. After his return to Lisbon, and in March or April, 1503, Vespucius wrote a letter to his old friend Lorenzo de Medici, giving an account of this voyage, and it was this letter that made him famous. He speaks of having formerly written to Lorenzo about his return from those countries which he had sought and found in the service of the King of Portugal “and which" he then adds "it is proper to call a new world." The Latin text is as follows: "Quasque novum Mundum appellare licet." He then refers to the general denial of the ancients of the existence of any Southern continent, remarking that his last voyages had proved the erroneousness of their views, and adding that "in these southern regions I have found a continent more thickly inhabited by people and animals than our Europe, or Asia, or Africa, and, moreover, a climate more temperate and agreeable than in any other region known to us."

There is something a little mysterious, and at the same time interesting and impressive about the phrase "New World" as used in this letter of Vespucius. The entire letter with the heading or title Mundus Novus was printed for the first time in Paris in 1504, and had a great run in the market. Three years after its first publication, and on April 25, 1507, the year after the death of Columbus, at Saint-Dié in the Vosges, in the Duchy of Lorraine, there was first printed and published a suggestion or recommendation of the name "America," It was contained in a little pamphlet entitled "Introduction to Cosmography," the authorship of which was traced to Martin Waldseemüller, the German professor of Geography in the College of Saint-Dié. He first speaks of the division of the earth's surface into three parts; then follows the memorable sentence containing the memorable suggestion which, as translated from the Latin by Mr. Fiske, is as follows: But now these parts have been more extensively explored and another fourth part has been discovered by Americus Vespucius; wherefore I do not see what is rightly to hinder us from calling it Amerige or America, z. e., the land of Americus after its discoverer Americus, a man of sagacious mind, since both Europe and Asia have got their names from

women.

Those who have studied this subject most and who understand it best, are agreed that Vespucius, in his use of the phrase new world" and in speaking of having found a continent, had no such thing in mind as the New World or the Western Continent, as we now understand those terms. These conceptions had hardly as yet found their way into the human mind anywhere. Vespucius died in 1512, and it was not until after his death that the name America" was placed upon any map, chart, sketch, or globe, and then, at first, only as a designation of what is now known as Brazil. All this, of course, had nothing to do with Columbus or his discoveries, as he had never crossed or reached the equator.

As to the charge against Vespucius that he put forth false claims to the discovery, in 1497, of Paria, which Columbus certainly discovered in 1498, and which Vespucius did not visit until 1499, a most thorough investigation has demonstrated that the charge which stained his memory for four hundred years was based on an error of translation. The familiar Latin letter in which he claims to have discovered Parias in 1497 is proved to have been a translation from an Italian original in which his claim was for the discovery of Lariat, which is in 23° N., while Paria is in 10° N., and abundance of evidence has been advanced by Mr. Varnhage to thoroughly exonerate Vespucius from the false pretenses so long laid to his charge.

CHI

THE PEERAGE IN CHINA. Cornhill Magazine, London, October.

HINESE titles are regarded as a species of office, qualifying the holder to draw pay from the Treasury, but requiring from him at the same time the performance of certain duties. In China a title can only be gained by success in war. No amount of quibbling at the Bar, no brewings, however excellent, of draught-stout, will make a man a peer. You must, if you would be ennobled, either take a town from the rebels, or, what is equally efficacious, commit suicide when they are taking it from you. Of all nations, the Chinese have, perhaps, the most vivid realization of a future existence-for, as a rule, it is the heroic ghost who gets the title, his son succeeding him after three years or so as second peer.

Chinese names are a weariness to Western ears, but it really is very difficult to avoid them altogether when treating of Chinese peers. The first five ranks may be rendered, and commonly are rendered, by our "duke," "marquis," "earl," "viscount," and baron." The sixth rank, which, literally translated, is that of "light-charioted city-warden," might, by parity of reasoning, be rendered "baronet." The "mounted city-warden," the "cloud-mounted warden," and the "mounted warden by grace," are best expressed on paper by their quaint but unpronounceable originals ch'i tu-yü, yün ch'i-yü and ên ch'i yü.

There are only two Chinese kung or dukes not of the Imperial blood. These are the Yen-Sheng Kung, the "Duke Transmitter of the Sage," the representative of Confucius, and the Hai-Cheng Kung, "Purifier of the Seas," the descendant of Hwang, conqueror of Formosa for the Manchus. The latter title is some two centuries old; the former was instituted in 1233. The Confucian Duke, as he is commonly styled by foreigners, enjoys a prestige which no change of dynasty affects. The present Purifier of the Seas, Hwang Pao-ch'êng, is a colonel in the provincial army of Fukun, his native province. It is, indeed, obligatory on every Chinese noble to serve in some military capacity, unless he has reached a certain rank in the civil service or is content to forego his allowance, which for the lower grades is only about twenty dollars a year. There are approximately two or three thousand nobles in the eighteen provinces, but, in the absence of a Chinese Burke," exact figures are not available.

The general rule of succession to a Chinese title is the same as with us; that is to say, the eldest son by the legal wife succeeds. If there is no son by the wife, then a son by the handmaid may take the title, and it frequently happens that in the absence of a son the title is passed on to a nephew or cousin.

Courtesy titles are unknown in China. It is true that an adopted son of Li Hung-Chang-who was made an earl for the victories Gordon helped him to gain-has posed as Lord Li or Viscount Li in London and elsewhere, but he owes this not to the grace of his Emperor but to too-flattering foreign friends. As a matter of fact he will not succeed to the title if Li Hung-Chang leaves a son by blood. Indeed it is not only premature but presumptuous for any man to give himself out as necessarily the successor to a Chinese title. The ordinary procedure is for the provincial authorities to report the death of a noble, and for the Emperor thereupon to direct them to ascertain who should succeed him. The succession carries no emoluments until after the mourning, which is a hundred days for the practical Manchus, and twenty-seven months for a Chinaman. The mourning over, the new peer should go to Court and be presented to the Emperor.

A simple process suffices to deprive Chinese nobles of their titles. In most cases it is for some offense, and the nobleman is stripped of his title before trial. A literary degree is a protection against indiscriminate bambooings, but a title has no efficacy in this direction. A forfeited title is generally transferred to a successor. Occasionally the Chinese Peer is fined and not attainted.

Books.

JOHN G. PATON, MISSIONARY TO THE NEW HEBRIDES. An Autobiography. Edited by His Brother. 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 373, 382. New York and Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company.

[The group of the New Hebrides, so named by Captain Cook, who first fully explored and described them in 1773-although they had been discovered by Magellan one hundred and fifty years before, during his voyage round the world -consists of some thirty islands, scattered over the Pacific Ocean for a distance of about four hundred miles. The nearest neighbors of the New Hebrides are the Loyalty Islands, the largest of which, New Caledonia, is 200 miles to the southeast. The Hebrides lie 1,000 miles to the north of New Zealand and 1,400 miles northeast from Sydney. Mr. John G. Paton is the son of a poor Scotch weaver, whose poverty did not prevent his having eleven children-five sons and six daughters. It was originally intended that John G. should be brought up to his father's trade. The however, notwithstanding the poverty of his early surson, roundings, managed to get some sort of education at school and at Glasgow University, and, like many a Scotch peasant's son before him, concluded to become a Presbyterian minister. In 1857 there was much talk in Glasgow about sending missionaries to the New Hebrides, and Mr. Paton made up his mind to go thither, which he did in 1858. In the New Hebrides he has ever since lived and now resides, interrupting his work only to make two voyages to Scotland and voyages to Australia, to get aid for himself and those engaged in civilizing the cannibals of the Islands. In this Autobiography we have an account of his varied experiences. The First Part or volume, bringing the narrative down to 1862, was pub. lished tentatively in January, 1889. This part having been well received by the public, the Second Part or volume was issued late in the same year. For each volume the Reverend Doctor Arthur T. Pierson has written an Introductory Note. One of the excellent qualifications of Mr. Paton for his work is a sense of humor, which is shown in the incident hereafter described.]

W

HEN residing on the Island of Aniwa, one of the smaller isles of the New Hebrides-measuring about nine miles by three and a half-I began, in spare hours, to lay the foundation of two additional rooms for our house. While thus engaged I felt rather uneasy at seeing a well-known savage, named Nelwang, who had killed a man before our arrival, hanging around with his tomahawk, and eagerly watching me while at work. One day he suddenly appeared from amongst the boxes, and so startled my wife that she ran for her life. I drew near him and said: "Nelwang, do you wish to speak to me?"

He answered that he did; that he needed my help; that he wanted to get married, and required my aid.

I protested, reminding him that marriages in Aniwa were all made in infancy, children being bought and betrothed to their future husbands. If it should be known that I interfered, I pointed out to him, it might cost the lives of myself, my wife, and my child.

But," replied Nelwang, "the woman I want to marry is Yakin, a widow, up at the inland village, and that will break no infant betrothals."

Not anxious to take any responsibility in the matter, I asked if he knew whether the woman loved him or would marry him.

Oh! yes," was the answer; one day I met her on the path, and told her I would like to have her for my wife. Thereupon she took out her ear-rings and gave them to me, and I know thereby that she gave me her heart."

I was no

Here was a difficulty, indeed-one which still further diminished my inclination to have anything to do with the matter. more desirous than Nelwang of being perforated with bullets. Still Nelwang held on to me, and the result of our deliberations was that I advised him to carry off his bride at dead of night into the seclusion and safety of the bush! This advice was followed. The next morning Yakin's house was found deserted. It was immediately surmised that she had been carried off by some one. Messengers were dispatched to all the villages, and it was found that Nelwang had disappeared on the same night as the widow. The twenty-nine disappointed suitors took the usual revenge. The homes of the offenders were burned, their fences broken down, and all their property either destroyed or distributed.

Three days afterwards, when the plunderers were still assembled and feasting at Yakin's expense, I appeared on the scene. I called the fellows together and pointed out to them that they were foolish

to make so much noise over an ungrateful woman; that they were well rid of her. The best way, I suggested, was to let Yakin and the man she had run away with go their gait and he would soon be sick of his bargain. My advice was seconded by a Chief, Naswai, and the men acquiesced in what I said. Three weeks afterwards, Nelwang appeared one morning early at my house. He and his bride, whom I supposed had gone in a canoe to some neighboring island, had been hiding in the bush. He asked me to let the two stay with me for a time. Yakin would help my wife and he would help me. To this I assented. They came the next morning, and we found them very useful, although they took good care not to expose themselves openly.

After a few weeks had passed by, as they both really seemed to be interested in Christianity, I thought I might as well bring matters to a focus and put an end to the uncertainty in which we all lived. Accordingly I urged them to appear publicly in church on a Sunday, and so they did.

Nelwang came first, after all the worshipers were seated, dressed in shirt and kilt, and grasping determinedly his tomahawk, an unusual accompaniment certainly of public worship. In a few seconds Yakin entered. The first visible difference between a heathen and Christian is that the Christian wears some clothing, the heathen wears none. Yakin resolved to show the extent of her Christianity by the amount of clothing she could carry upon her person. Being a Chief's widow before becoming Nelwang's bride, she had some idea of state occasions, and appeared dressed in every article of European apparel, mostly portions of male attire, that she could beg or borrow about the premises. Her bridal gown was a man's drab-colored great-coat, buttoned tight above her native grass skirts, and sweeping down to her heels. Over this she had hung a vest, and above that again, most amazing of all, she had superinduced a pair of men's trousers, drawing the body over her head, leaving a leg dangling gracefully over each of her shoulders, and streaming down her back. Fastened to the one shoulder also there was a red shirt, and to the other a striped shirt, waving about her like wings as she sailed along. Around her head a red shirt had been twisted like a turban, and her notions of art demanded that a sleeve thereof should hang aloft over each of her ears! She seemed to be a moving monster, loaded with a mass of rags. The day was excessively hot, and the perspiration poured down her face in streams.

Nelwang looked at me and then at her, smiling quietly, as if to say: "You never saw, in all your white world, a bride so grandly dressed!" I little thought what I was bringing on myself when I urged them to come to church. The sight of that poor creature sweltering before my eyes constrained me to make the service very short-perhaps the shortest I ever conducted in my life! The day, I am thankful to say, ended in peace.

HYPNOTISM. By Jules Claretie. Chicago: F. T. Neely. 1892. [This is a story with a purpose, a medico-legal study designed to demonstrate the possibility of utilizing hypnotic suggestion for criminal purposes, and illustrating incidentally the painful nature of the struggle which a conscientious patient would undergo in performing an act regarded with abhorrence, under the imperative impulsion of a will emancipated from the restraint of reason and conscience.]

JEA

EAN MORNAS, a peasant child born among the orange groves of Nice, had studied medicine, taken his degree, and been enrolled as eligible for army employment, and at the period of his introduction to the reader was a resident of the Latin quarter in Paris, and agitated with imperious desires which he possessed no means of gratifying. At the students' gatherings, Mornas rendered himself prominent by his strong personality, his powerful resonant voice, his ridicule of virtue, and his outspoken assertion that if "killing the Mandarin " was the necessary preliminary to success in life, nothing would deter him if he could see his way to escape the clutches of the law.

His immediate employment was the compilation and editing of a work to be entitled, "Medicine Among the Arabs." His employer, M. Berthier, an old paralytic with one foot in the grave, was greedy for academic honors, and received Mornas with the utmost secrecy.

On one occasion, Mornas's pay being due, M. Berthier requested him to remove Volumes B and C of the Encyclopedia on his shelves, and hand him the Atlas behind them. M. Berthier opened it, remarking that he trusted no one else with the secret of his bank, and revealed to Mornas's hungry eyes that it was stuffed full of bank-notes

in packets of several denominations, aggregating what for Mornas was enormous wealth.

Behold the Mandarin! How to kill him and secure the treasure was now the problem.

Mornas had accidentally made the acquaintance of a simple, innocent, pious girl, who was devoted to him. He, too, loved her, but he realized that to marry her would wreck his prospects, and to seduce and leave her was something too brutal even for his nature. She was too innocent, too confiding, too devoted. He told her he must cease to visit her. His decision produced a powerful shock to her nervous system, and Mornas, on the impulse of the moment, did all he could to soothe her, saying he did not mean it. He then took her in his arms, and gazing fixedly in her eyes, he unintentionally threw her into a hypnotic trance. Subsequently he repeated the experiment frequently, and M. Berthier, having been rendered still more helpless by the loss of his sight, Mornas hit on the idea of employing the girl (Lucie) to abstract the contents of the Atlas. He first tried her with a post-suggestion, ordering her to meet him at a specified time and place, and bring him a packet which he concealed in one of her drawers, and this proving successful, he sent her to bring him the contents of the Atlas, telling her that it was stolen money.

Lucie brought him the money, thirty-seven thousand, five hundred francs, but she was in great distress. The old man heard her at his books, crawled from the bed, and placed his hand on her shoulder, she pushed him away and he fell. Now she must go home and cry. The police traced and apprehended her, and at her examination she simply insisted that she was forced to do it. Her manner suggested hypnotic influence to her medical friend who had been called on to testify as to her mental state, and it was determined to subject her again to bypnotic influence to wrest her secret from her. The first attempt

was a partial failure. They made her go through the whole scene, and describe her course to the street in which Mornas lived, but when asked for the number the influence of Mornas prevailed. Mornas, Jowever, heard of what had been done, heard that the physicans were confident of success at the next experiment, and at once took train for Nice. He enjoyed a stolen glance at his parents, and then started for Monaco. What was thirty-seven thousand francs to a doomed wanderer?

At Monaco he lost every sou, and then blew out his brains just in advance of the arrival of a telegram from Paris for his arrest. He had "killed the Mandarin."

THE NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF POETRY. By Edmund Clarence Stedman. 12mo, pp. 338. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin, & Co. 1892.

a

[A Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull having, about five years since, lost a child an his ninth year, founded at Johns Hopkins University, in memory of their son, Lectureship of Poetry." According to the terms of the gift a course of lectures is to be delivered annually by some writer or critical student of poetry. The founders of the Lectureship endeavored to get Mr. James Russell Lowell to deliver the first course of lectures, but he declined. For Mr. Lowell, therefore, was substituted Mr. Stedman, whose eight lectures, the initial course, delivered last year, are here collected. The titles given by the lecturer to his productions are" Oracles Old and New"; "What Is Poetry ?"; "Creation and Self-Expression": "Melancholia"; Beauty"; "Truth"; "Imagination"; "The Faculty Divine: Passion, Insight, Genius, Faith." An excellent Analytical Index is a welcome addition. We give Mr. Stedman's definition of Poetry and his not very optimistic views as to the present and future condition of poetry written in the English language.]

I

MUST begin my answer to the question, What is poetry? by declaring that the essential spirit of poetry is indefinable. It is something which is perceived and felt through a reciprocal faculty shared by human beings in various degrees. The range of these degrees is as wide as that between the boor and the sensitive adeptbetween the racial Calibans and Prosperos. The poetical spirit is absolute and primal, acknowledged but not reducible, and therefore I postulate it.as an axiom of nature and sensation.

With this admission in advance, seeking a definition of that poetic utterance which is or may become of record,— -a definition both defensible and inclusive, yet compressed into a single phrase,—I have put together the following statement:

Poetry is rhythmical, imaginative language, expressing the invention, taste, thought, passion, and insight of the human soul.

their office seriously. A vogue of light and troubadour verse-making has come, and now is going as it came. Every possible mode of artisanship has been tried in turn. The like conditions prevail upon the Continent, at least as far as France is concerned; in fact, the caprices of our minor minstrelsy have been largely the outcome of a new literary Gallomania.

I think you will feel that there is something unsatisfactory, something much less satisfactory than what we find in the little prose masterpieces of the new American school; that from the mass of all this rhythmical work the higher standard of poetry could scarcely be derived. To be sure, it is the providential wont of youth to be impressed by the latest models, to catch the note of its own morntime. Many know the latest favorites by heart, yet perhaps have never read an English classic. We hear them say, Who reads Milton now, or Byron, or Coleridge?" It is just as well. Otherwise a new voice might not be welcomed-would have less chance to gain a hearing. Yet I think that even the younger generation will agree with me that there are lacking qualities to give distinction to poetry as the most impressive literature of our time; qualities for want of which it is not now the chief force, but is compelled to yield its eminence to other forms of composition, especially to prose fiction, realistic or romantic, and to the literature of scientific research.

If you compare our recent poetry, grade for grade, with the Elizabethan or the Georgian, I think you will quickly realize that the characteristics which can alone confer the distinction of which I speak are those which we call Imagination and Passion. Poetry does not seem to me very great, very forceful, unless it is either imaginative or impassioned, or both; and, in sooth, if it is the one, it is very apt to be the other.

The younger lyrists and idylists, when finding little to evoke these qualities, have done their best without them. Credit is due to our craftsmen for what has been called "a finer art in our day." It is wiser, of course, to succeed within obvious limits than to flounder ambitiously outside them. But the note of spontaneity is lost. Moreover, extreme finish, adroitness, graces, do not inevitably betoken the glow of imaginative conception, the ecstasy of high resolve.

ENGLISHMAN'S HAVEN. By W. J. Gordon. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1892.

ENG

Illustrated.

NGLISHMAN'S Haven, or Louisbourg, was a strong French fortress on Cape Breton Island. Taken by the New England colonists in 1745 in reprisal for numerous unprovoked attacks on the English, it was restored to the French by the Treaty of Aix la Chapeile in exchange for Madras. The English then built and fortified Halifax as a military stronghold and basis of naval operations. In 1758, Louisbourg was again taken by a combined military and naval attack of the English under General Amherst with Admiral Boscawen in command of the fleet. Mr. Pitt then caused it to be destroyed to prevent its again falling into French hands. The story is told in the first person, professedly by a participator in the whole struggle. The narrator, Felix Ardyne, accompanied his father to Chebuctoo, now Halifax, in 1744, to take possession of a piece of land which he had inherited there. Arrived at Annapolis Royal, they had just time to get their arms ashore before the little fort was attacked by the noted Le Loutre with a combined force of French and Indians. These were beaten off, and the next day the fort was assailed by French regulars, who were also beaten off. This roused the colonists, and the capture of Louisbourg was decided on. The story of the capture, and also of the second capture under Amherst, is told in some detail as by an actual participant. There is an Indian prophecy that the French represented by a field-mouse should bite the locust (the English) but that the locust would bite the field-mouse and slay him and remain in the land for ever.

In the first capture of Louisbourg, the colonial troops were supported by a fleet which took some very rich prizes. Admiral Warren claimed half the prize-money for the crown, and half for the fleet. The troops had been led to expect that they would share equally with the sailors in any captures, and had accepted small pay on that understanding. The old country so mismanaged matters as to touch the colonists both in their self-esteem and their pocket, and the irritation thus engendered, together with the self-reliance born of the victorious campaign, are regarded by the author as having had a large share in precipitating the War of Independence.

The Press.

POLITICAL.

THE OUTLOOK.

THE SITUATION IN NEW YORK-PREDICTIONS.

Saturday, Oct. 29, was the last day of registration in the State of New York. The total registration in New York City is 309,830, against 286,570 in 1888. This is regarded as about 20,000 smaller than the number that should have been registered in view of the increase in population. In Brooklyn the registration is 181,668, against 156,194 in 1888; the Brooklyn registration is considered large. In the interior of the State the registration is heavy compared with that of 1891, but seems to be not very much in excess of that of 1888. In Albany and Troy, for instance, the registration returns show a considerable falling off from those of 1888.

The New York World prints a table for twenty-nine cities of the State, showing a total registration of 747,669. In these cities in 1888 the total Harrison and Cleveland vote was 642,916, Cleveland having 62,330 majority of this vote.

Both parties figure out victory in New York State on the basis of the registration returns. The calculator of the New York Times (Ind.Dem.) shows that if Cleveland runs as well as Mr. Flower did in 1891, his plurality below the Harlem will be about 95,700, while if Harrison loses only 10 per cent. of the pluralities that he had in the interior in 1888 (and the Times thinks that his losses will be much larger), he will come down to the Harlem with only 76,000-leaving a Democratic plurality of 18,000 in the State.

"

The calculator of the New York Tribune (Rep.) says that "the registration gives promise of a Republican victory,” and after an analysis of the figures, adds:

Alabama..
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia..
Idaho..
Illinois
Indiana.
Iowa
Kansas

Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada

New Hampshire..
New Jersey..
New York...

North Carolina..
North Dakota..
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania

Rhode Island.
South Carolina...
South Dakota..
Tennessee

Texas Vermont Virginia

All these calculations leave out of account the silent change of vote which is to be expected from many business men and workingmen. Let the fact be frankly recognized that in this as in other important contests there are some changes in each direction, enough, if carefully picked up and reported, to make a considerable showing. But the result in 1888 proved that the Washington general drift of Change since the agitation of the tariff West Virginia.. question began had been in favor of the Republican Wisconsin.. For every individual who had rushed into

party:

Totals......

notoriety as a "tariff reformer" there were hundreds Wyoming who had quietly voted against the Democratic party and its Free Trade agitation. The elections since 1888 prove nothing, because from 100,000 to 300,000 voters have failed to go to the polls. Unless the voters of this State act as they have not acted before, unless they vote for a change in a time of exceptional prosperity, unless they abandon the national policy which they have steadily upheld, and which has advanced wages remarkably, there will be cast next week a silent vote which Democrats do not expect.

Governor Flower has several times predicted that Cleveland will carry the State by 50,000. Thomas F. Gilroy, the Tammany candidate for Mayor of New York City, predicts a plurality of 75,000 for Cleveland in the city.

1892. No. of Electoral Harri- CleveVotes. land.

1888-Electoral Vote.

Harrison.

Cleveland.

son

Fisk Streeter (Proh).(Union Lab)

II

ΙΟ

57,197

117,320

583

7

58,752

85,962

614

10,613

9

124,816

I17,729

5,761

day without intermission their efforts to bring about the largest possible Democratic vote and secure decisive victory.

land.

Democratic National Committee at Chicago The managers of the Western branch of the Hon. Charles Foster, Secretary of the Treas- have issued the most glowing reports of the ury, in an interview printed in the New York outlook in the Western States, positively claimWorld last Tuesday, predicted that Harrisoning Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana for Clevewill win the State by 23,000, and that Cleveland's plurality in the city of New York will be only 44,000. Secretary Foster added that it was his opinion that Harrison would carry every Northern State but Nevada, and that he would also get West Virginia.

The Republican National Committee last Saturday sent out a telegram, signed by Messrs. Carter, Clarkson, McComas, Kerens, Fessenden, and Hahn, saying New York would be carried for Harrison and that his election was

assured.

On Oct. 31 the Democratic National Committee gave out the following statement: The Republican National Committee last There is no doubt in the minds of the National Cam-Tuesday gave out the following statement from paign Committeemen, from reports received from the M. S. Quay: State Committee, that in New York a signal victory is about to be won, and that this fact is realized by the Republicans, as well as by the Democrats.

During the afternoon the situation in the South was considered with reference to reliable information that, while the Republicans substantially concede the vote of every Southern State to Cleveland and Stevenson, they are attempting to keep up scattering fights in one or two them.

The Republican concession that General Harrison is likely to lose the Electoral votes of some of the far Western States is only one of the many circumstances which inspire perfect confidence in the result on the part of the Democratic managers, which they regard as an incentive to them, and to all other supporters of Cleveland and Stevenson, to continue until election

I leave for Philadelphia this afternoon. I possibly may return, but not necessarily. Coming here on the suggestion of some of the gentlemen engaged in the management of the Republican campaign, who thought my experience in 1888 might be useful in the solution of two or three pending problems, I have gone very carefully through the details of their labor up to the present time and have canvassed with them their propasitions for the future. Their administration has been foultless. Their correspondence satisfies me that the sentiment of the country is favorable to a continuance of Republican rule.

Mr. Harrison will be elected. It is my belief that he will carry the States of New York, Indiana, and Connecticut. Existing conditions are such that the Electoral vote of New York will elect him without Indiana

and Connecticut. Indiana and Connecticut will elect him without New York.

Mr. M. Halstead had this to say in the New York Herald last Wednesday:

There is truth in the claims that Harrison will have

Connecticut, Indiana, West Virginia, and Delaware. The rainbow States are all gone for Harrison, Repubplace. The steadily swelling movement for the re

lican apathy is completely gone. Confidence takes its election of Harrison is irresistible.

Col. A. K. McClure, editor of the Philadelphia Times, last Monday published in his paper a review of the situation. He declared in the most emphatic way that Cleveland's election could not be prevented, and vouchsafed this interesting information:

The Republicans now practically concede the loss of after a full review of the situation from the inside standpoint, announced to the party managers that New York was hopelessly gone from them.

New York, and it is an open secret that Senator Quay.

Last Tuesday's papers (both Republican and Democratic) agreed in stating that the final week of the campaign opened with a much more confident feeling prevailing among the Republicans. This was attributed to the fact that the Republican National Committee had seen fit last Saturday to privately announce by telegraph to its friends throughout the country the belief that Harrison would be elected.

The New York Sun (Dem.) has steadily discouraged the prevailing Democratic idea that.