men are employed by the day they usually do kinds of work different from those done by the Japanese and are paid somewhat more than Japanese laborers. The wages paid all classes of laborers are much higher than they were fifteen or twenty years ago. The special agent of the Commission has made the following statement as the result of his investigation of this matter: "Wages have changed materially since the Japanese first appeared. From 1890 to 1895, orientals (Chinese and Japanese) were paid from 75 to 90 cents per day without board, while whites' received from $15 to $18 per month with board. From 1895 to 1900, orientals averaged $1 per day without board, and whites from $20 to $25 per month with board. In 1900, Japanese (Chinese by this time had disappeared) were paid $1.10 per day and by 1906, $1.25 per day." The wages now paid the different races have been noted above. With reference to underbidding by Japanese this special agent adds: "Japanese have always shown a tendency to underbid white laborers. A great many employers told the agent of cases in which Japanese offered to work for from 25 to 60 cents per day less than the prevailing rate for white hands. At present, though their rate is less, there is very little underbidding, for they (with immigration restricted and the prejudice against them become less) can usually find plenty of work without cutting to so great an extent."

SOCIOLOGICAL DATA.

The majority of the Scandinavian and German farmers investigated had come to the United States when young and unmarried. Of the 35, 26 were under 25 years and 30 were under 30 years of age. Of the 35, only 5 were married previous to immigrating to this country, and 4 of these brought their wives with them upon coming. Of 30 who were single upon their first arrival, 25 have since married, 24 in this country and 1 abroad (General Table 345). Those who married after coming to the United States did so, as a rule, within' five or six years of their arrival, and, with few exceptions, married women of their own race, or women native-born of foreign-born father of the same race. The exceptional cases of the 24 marriages in this country were the marriage of a German to a Swedish woman, a Norwegian to a Swedish woman, and of a Swede to a Danish woman. Marriages between those who were native-born of these immigrant fathers, however, have frequently been to persons of other races. Of 10 Scandinavian-American men and women of the families investigated who have married, 8 married Americans, 1 a ScandinavianAmerican, and 1 a Norwegian immigrant. On the whole, these few cases would indicate a high degree of assimilation on the part of those who were native-born of Scandinavian immigrant fathers. Of 10 German-Americans, on the other hand, 5 married German-Americans, 3 Germans, 1 a North Italian, and 1 an American.

Of the 15 Italian farmers, only 3 were 30 years of age or over and only 4 were married previous to the time they came to the United States. Of the 4 married men, none was, upon coming, accompanied by his wife, but all 4 were joined by their wives a few years later. Eight of the 11 who were single at the time of their first arrival in

the United States have since married, 6 here and 2 abroad. (General Table 345.) With one exception, where a North Italian married a German-American woman, they have married immigrants of their own race (North Italian to North Italian and South Italian to South Italian) or Italian-Americans. Those from whom data were obtained all married within a few years of their arrival in this country. Few Italian-Americans have arrived at a marriageable age. Of the 4 native-born who have married, 3 have married Americans and 1 an Italian immigrant.

Thirty-five of 80 Japanese farmers were 25 and 20 were 30 years of age or over when they migrated to this country. Of the 80, 40 were married previous to their immigration. Because the majority of these men did not expect to remain long in this country, the inconveniences found in providing for wives while working as laborers and the expense involved in coming, only 9 brought their wives with them to the United States, and most of these men came from Hawaii, where they and their wives had been employed. Since becoming tenant farmers, however, 17 have brought their wives to this country. The amount of money sent for this purpose in several cases was $300 or $400. Of the 40 men who were single when they first came to this country. 18 have since married-15 here and 3 abroad-and in all cases Japanese women. At the time of the investigation, therefore, 58 of 80 Japanese farmers were married, and of the 58 wives, 44 were in the United States (General Table 345).

The comparatively rapid immigration of the Japanese women in recent years is shown by the short time those from whom data were obtained had been in this country. Of the 84 Japanese men, 17 had immigrated within the last five, and 60 within the last ten, years. Of 45 Japanese women, on the other hand, 32 had immigrated within the last five, and 13 within the last ten, years. (General Table 348.) The more recent immigration of the women is explained by the fact that the money required to pay the expenses of the passage had first to be earned, partly by the fact that in tenant farming the work of the women, who almost invariably work in the field, is almost as valuable as that of a man. It is explained in part, also, by the fact that some of these men have decided to remain permanently in the United States. Yet, of 77 of these farmers, only 10 signified their intention to remain permanently in this country. Of the other 67, 23 expect to return to Japan, while 44 are in doubt as to what they will eventually do. Whether they remain here or not depends largely upon their economic success and the treatment they receive in this country.

The adult Japanese, not being eligible for American citizenship, are of necessity aliens. The Scandinavians and Germans, on the other hand, having been in the United States, as a rule, for many years, and expecting to remain here permanently, are generally citizens. Of those from whom data were obtained, only 1 was an alien, 2 had first papers only, while the others had taken second papers or had become citizens in some other way. From the few data collected for Italians it would seem that among them almost as large a percentage of fully naturalized citizens obtains.

No investigation was made of the cost of the food, drink, and clothing used by the several races, for the reason that the ages and sexes of the individuals, and the amount of home-grown foods used by them, differ so much that such statistics would have little or no value. Something may, however, be said of housing conditions, which are one index to the standard of living. The housing conditions of the Japanese are generally very poor. Most of the houses occupied have been built for or by them, and usually have two, three, four, or five rooms, and these are, as a rule, small. The leases being for short periods and the women ordinarily working in the fields, the houses are not well furnished or well taken care of. The walls, made of rough boards nailed to the framework, are bare. The furniture in the majority of cases has not cost as much as $50. There is no system for piping water; they have few conveniences of any kind. Laborers are almost invariably boarded and lodged with the family. Though the number of rooms is not, as a rule, inadequate for the family when any extra work, such as hoeing and harvesting, is being done, the houses are usually very much crowded." Yet, that some of the Japanese are not uncomfortably housed is shown by the fact that of 53 noted, 8 had dining rooms separate from their kitchens, and 16 had living rooms and parlors used as such alone.

Though most of the Italians occupy cottages of four, five, or six rooms, they are much better housed than the Japanese. In the cases of some of the less well-to-do, however, there remains much to be desired, for many of the houses are poorly constructed and not in good repair, and during several months each year are crowded with laborers who board and lodge with the families. In other cases, however, the houses are as good and as well furnished as those of other races in the community. The value of the furniture in 10 of 11 cases was $200 or more. The Scandinavians and Germans are almost all well housed. The majority of their houses have six, seven, or eight rooms, are new and in good repair, and are well furnished. Owning the land, most of them, as soon as they could afford it, have built new houses with such conveniences as farm life permits. In many cases water is piped to the house and made available for baths. In 85 per cent of the cases they have dining rooms and parlors used solely as such. Most of the houses are well furnished and are well cared for by the women, who seldom work in the fields. Farm hands doing harvesting and other seasonal work are not usually given board or lodging, so that the houses are adequate for the rather large families.

Of the 19 Scandinavian, 16 German, and 17 Italian male immigrants, 10 years of age or over, investigated, all but 3 (these being South Italians) could read and write some language. Of their wives and other adult foreign-born females-17 Scandinavians, 12 Germans, and 13 Italians-all but 6 Italians were literate. About the same percentage of literacy obtains among the Japanese farmers; of

• The number of rooms and of adult males, adult females, and children under 15 years of age are given in General Table 323. The data were collected when no harvesting was being done. Had they been collected during the summer months the numbers of adult male Japanese and Italians would have been much larger than those given.

83, 77 could read and write. The percentage of illiteracy is somewhat greater among the Japanese women; of 45, 7 were illiterate. (General Table 353.)

All of the Scandinavian and German and all but 1 of the Italian farmers, and other foreign-born male members of their families investigated, speak English. The speaking of English is very general among the women and girls as well, for all but 1 Norwegian, 3 Germans, and 3 Italians could speak the language. The Japanese having been in this country a shorter time, and, from choice or necessity, being more clannish, have a larger percentage of both men and women who can not speak English. Of 84 males 6 years of age or over. 11 could not speak English. Seven of these 11 had been in the United States less than 5 years, 2 for from 5 to 9 years, and 2 for 10 years or over. Of 45 Japanese women, only 3 could speak English. Thirty-two had been in this country less than 5 years, 11 for from 5 to 9, and 2 for 10 years or over. Of the first group 1, of the second 2, of the third none could speak the English language. The little contact these Japanese women have with white people is indicated by the comparatively small number who are able to speak our language. As would be expected, many of those who have acquired ability to speak English can not read or write that language. All of the 3 Danish males and the 4 Danish females 10 years of age or over could read and write as well as speak English; so could 9 of 11 Norwegian males and 4 of 7 females. The 5 Swedish males and 2 of 6 Swedish females could read and write English. The percentage of the Germans and Italians who read and write our language is somewhat smaller than that of the Scandinavians. Of 16 males and 12 females of the race first mentioned, 4 and 8, respectively, could not read or write English. Of 17 Italian males and 13 females, 8 and 2, respectively, could read and write English. The percentage of the Japanese who have command of English is still smaller, for of 83 men only 30, of 45 women only 2, could read or write it. (General Table 352.) With the exception of the Italians, the percentage of the foreignborn who came to this country before 14 years of age was very small, with the result that most of them have had little or no schooling and little opportunity to learn to read and write our language. (General Table 355.) Some of the Japanese, however, have belonged to the "student class," and some of those who have not belonged to that class have attended night schools to learn English. The children of all of these races attend the public schools and are taught to speak, read, and write English. Of 116 persons 6 years of age or over. native-born of foreign father, all but 1 South Italian-American could speak, and of 85 who were 10 years of age or over, all could read and write, English. (General Tables 349 and 350.) The schools are good. In all cases graded primary and grammer schools are available, and the many towns provide opportunities for a high-sch.col course. In comparatively few instances would it appear that the children are taken from school and set at work while young (General Table 356). It should be added, however, that a large number of the Japanese children born abroad are left there to be educated. Of 77 children whose parents are tenant farmers in these localities, 24, or almost one-third of the entire number, are in Japan.

Still others, of course, are in that country with their mothers and may immigrate to this country later.

A matter related to the use of English is that of newspapers and periodicals taken by the farming groups investigated. These throw light upon both the standard of living and the degree to which the foreign element has been assimilated. Of the German and Scandinavian families investigated, all subscribed for one or more newspapers, while more than a third of the Italians (4 of 11) and more than two-fifths of the Japanese (24 of 53) had none. In the German homes newspapers printed in English outnumbered those printed in German more than 2 to 1 (33 to 14); in the Scandinavian, those printed in English outnumbered those printed in some Scandinavian language by 3 to 2 (39 to 25). The same is true of the older and better established Italian families. In most cases, however, all these races have newspapers published in English and others printed in their native language. In the case of the Japanese, on the other hand, the newspapers printed in their native language outnumbered those printed in English 10 to 1 (50 to 5). Approximately threefifths of the Japanese households have one or more American papers printed in the Japanese language, while less than one-tenth have newspapers printed in English.

The religious affiliations of these families is also of importance in connection with the degree of Americanization. The white immigrant farmers belong to the various Christian churches attended by all races. The Italians, of course, are members of the Catholic Church. Though a few Japanese also belong to Christian churches or more frequently to missions for Japanese, the vast majority are Buddhists. Of 78, 21 attended the Buddhist, 5 the Baptist, and 2 the Congregational missions. Those near Seattle or Tacoma attend the Buddhist mission churches in these cities, while those who are farther removed attend services held in the smaller villages by visiting priests, who come once or twice a month. The Japanese are seldom brought into contact with the white races through attendance at church.

The Japanese farmers are well organized for various purposes, but with the exception of those who belong to the Fife Vegetable Growers' Union, few, if any, belong to an organization which does not have a membership composed exclusively of persons of that race. In several communities there are "Japanese associations" to which many of the farmers belong. These associations take an interest in all general matters affecting the race. There are numerous "prefectual societies" which perform much the same function among those who come from the same province in Japan. At Bellevue, Eastland, and elsewhere there are mutual benefit societies to care for those who fall ill, meet with accident, or are in distress for other reasons. At Fife the mutual benefit society has a membership of 26. It cares for those who are ill or injured; the dues are $1 per month. At Fife, Vashon Island, O'Brien, and in fact in almost every community, there is a general farmers' organization which helps in different ways to make tenant farming successful. It would seem that about one-third, but possibly more, of the farmers belong to these agricultural organizations, which usually serve as social