tries and in fewer localities." The Celery Growers' Association has received an offer from Chicago to supply any number of Italians required, provided that they could be provided with work throughout the year. This, however, the association could not guarantee. The Hindus have sought work here, but no one has been willing to employ them.

LEASING OF CELERY LAND BY JAPANESE.

According to the most conservative estimates, one-third of the celery crop is raised on land leased by Japanese. From this it appears that about 1.000 acres of celery land are leased by them. The leasing of land to Japanese began in this district five years ago, and since then the acreage has been increasing each year.

In some cases the land is leased for cash, the rent paid being from $20 to $70 per acre. Cash leases are rare, however, as compared to the number of those for a share of the crop. The experience with cash tenants belonging to this race has not been satisfactory. Cash rents are paid in installments and only a small part is paid before the crop matures. In some cases the tenants have taken advantage of this fact and abandoned the land when the prospects for a satisfactory crop were not good. As a result of experiences of this kind, nearly all of the leases to Japanese are made on a share basis. Ordinarily the owner of the land retains control of all the work and the crop and does the teamwork, while the Japanese lessee contracts to perform all of the handwork. Strictly speaking, it is not a lease at all, but rather a contract for the handwork in return for a share of the crop instead of a wage payment. The Japanese gain no control over the land or the purposes for which it shall be used, but are always subject to the supervision of the owner.

The growth of the leasing system has been due to the general desire of the Japanese to rise above the wage relation. They are willing to take the risk of the crop being a failure for the possibility of getting a larger return. The employers, on the other hand, have accepted them as lessees, as a solution of the labor difficulties, for the tenants must secure the necessary help. The tenant system also throws on the Japanese tenant a part of the risk of loss should the crop be a failure. Two facts, however, have tended recently to check leasing by Japanese. One is the present scarcity of Japanese laborers, which makes it difficult for even the Japanese lessees to secure "help," so that now some of them are employing Mexicans. Again, the unreliability of some of the tenants has caused some white owners to abandon the policy of leasing their farms. Very few of the lessees have any capital, consequently owners must make advances to them. in order that the seed-bed stock may be transplanted. Some of the Japanese, after securing substantial advances, have abandoned their leases, so that many ranchers have lost money through them. These

A Japanese "boss" on one of the large ranches, who had previously had no difficulty in securing plenty of Japanese laborers, recently went to Los Angeles, as usual, but succeeded in finding few men available. Through Japanese boardinghouse keepers, to whom he paid 50 cents per man, he secured a few Japanese to bring back with him.

experiences have reduced the size of the advances made where the land is still leased.

The form of lease generally used is given below:

CELERY GROWERS' LEASE OR CONTRACT.

day of

191, by

the

1111

This contact, made and entered into on this and between the party of the first part, and party of the second part, for the purpose of cropping, farming, and working the hereinafter-described land into celery for the present crop season, evidences: That the first party agrees to furnish the use of the land hereinafter described upon which said crop is to be planted, cultivated, and harvested, and agrees, at his expense, to do all the team work in planting and making said crop, such as plowing, cultivating, harrowing, disking, and making ditches for irrigation, splitting out the rows for banking the celery, crowding and banking the celery, and hauling the celery, when crated, from the field to the cars or shipping station; but the second party agrees to furnish one man to assist in hauling the plants from the seed beds to the fields, in loading the celery on wagons, when crated, and unloading the empty crates when brought to the field. The first party agrees also to provide the celery seed to be planted in the seed beds for raising plants to be transplanted into the fields, and agrees to superintend, or furnish a man for that purpose, the entire work of seeding, planting, transplanting, weeding, growing, and gathering the celery, and to have complete and absolute control of all the teams and teamsters and of all the work to be done by the first party and to have said work done according to his own judgment and discretion, and the first party agrees also to have complete and exclusive control of all the work to be done in planting, cultivating, and caring for said crop, including the work to be done by the second party as well as by the first party, and the work to be done by the second party is to be done under the direction, control, and supervision and according to the judgment and dictation of the first party, and the first party agrees to supervise, direct, and control the time and manner of doing the same or else designate some person for that purpose.

The second party agrees to do all the hand work necessary or proper to be done in seeding, planting, cultivating, and gathering said crop, such as seeding, transplanting, weeding, cultivating (except with teams), irrigating, and any other work which may be required or be necessary or proper for the successful planting, transplanting, cultivating, caring for, and harvesting of said crop; and said party of the second part also agrees to raise sufficient plants in the seed beds to transplant and set out into celery all of the land hereinafter described which is to be planted to celery for the present crop season, being about - acres, and, if the second party should fail to raise enough plants from the seed beds to properly plant all of said land to celery, sufficient plants are to be purchased by the said party, at his own expense, to finish and complete the planting of the said land and of the variety to be designated by the first party, said land being described as follows: [Here follows description.] The second party agrees also to keep said land and crop, including the seed beds, the roadside along the ends of the rows of celery and along the ditches, around the telephone poles, wells, and other places on said land where they may grow, free from all weeds, grass, pursley, Johnson grass, devil grass, Bermuda grass, and all other kinds of noxious growths, and all of the same is to be pulled up before any of it goes to seed and before any of it does any damage to the crop or plants in the seed beds or in the field after being planted, and agrees also to keep all ditches clean, at his own expense and without any expense to the first party, and also, without any expense to the first party, to furnish men to do or assist in doing the following work not usually classed as hand work, to wit: [The spraying for blight is often included here.] The second party further promises and agrees to properly do the things herein above mentioned to be done by him and to properly and in due season plant the seed, transplant the plants, and to properly cultivate and care for the same, except the part of the work that is to be done by the first party, and do all of said things in a good and workmanlike manner, such as is necessary or proper to raise a crop of first-class celery, and to do all the work according to the direction and dictation of the first party; and in the event

that said second party fails to do so the first party may do the same, or cause the same to be done, at the expense of the second party, and the expense of doing or having the same done shall then become a lien on the portion of said crop to be given to said second party which shall be prior and superior to any other charge or lien upon the same, except for any loans that may be made upon said crop for the purpose of getting money to raise the same, evidenced by the note and mortgage thereon, duly made and executed by all of said parties, and this contract may be, for that purpose, considered a mortgage upon the portion of the crop to be paid to the second party to secure said expense, as well as any other money that may be furnished to said second party by said first party during said crop season.

The second party also agrees to redeliver to the first party all the claim and interest that he may have in the land upon which said crop is to be raised, as fast as said crop shall be harvested and removed, or if, for any reason, the same, or any part thereof, can not be harvested and marketed so as to make a profit to said parties, said second party agrees to redeliver such claim or interest in said land to said first party as soon as the Celery Growers' Association of Orange County notifies said parties that said crop, or any part thereof, can not be marketed.

The party of the second part further agrees, and it is hereby mutually agreed and understood between the parties hereto and is to be one of the covenants of this agreement, that the party of the second part agrees not to assign any of his interest or rights under this contract, or sublet or attempt to sublet any of the work to be done in the raising of said crop upon said land wihout the written consent of the first party indorsed hereon over his signature, and that said party of the second part agrees not to sell or transfer, mortgage, or in any way encumber his interest in said crop under this contract without the written consent of said party of the first part indorsed hereon as above provided, and such act or acts, if committed by said party of the second part, will subject this contract to forfeiture at the option of said party of the first part, and said party of the first part may, in such event, remove all persons from said land and take possession of said crop, without any liability to said second party therefor.

Upon compliance by the second party with all the conditions of this contract upon his part, the terms and conditions herein contained the party of the first part will give to the party of the second part [usually one-third] of the net proceeds of the crop of celery grown on said land when harvested, shipped, and sold. Said party of the first part agrees to control the sale and delivery of said crop, and the whole thereof, and the same is to be shipped through the Celery Growers' Association of Orange County, or such other person or corporation as the party of the first part may designate, and on such terms and conditions as the first party may deem, in his judgment, for the best interests of said parties; and when said crop is sold and the proceeds accounted for the part of the net proceeds thereof belonging to said party of the first part is to be paid to him, and the part of such net proceeds belonging to said second party is to be paid to him, less such amount as the second party may owe to said first party, as hereinbefore provided.

And it is further agreed and understood and made one of the covenants hereof that no person, other than the first and second parties herein mentioned and signing this contract, shall have or claim any interest in said crop for work done, money furnished or advanced, or for any other purpose, except by the written consent of the party of the first part indorsed on this contract over his signature.

In witness whereof we hereunto set our hands this [Witnesses and affidavits.]

---

day of

190_.

As here shown, the owner keeps control of the land and supervises all of the work. He also usually does the teamwork. The Japanese tenant is required to furnish the hand laborers as needed and pays their wages, though usually he receives an advance as a loan from the owner to carry forward the work. Where the tenant does the handwork only, his share is one-third of the crop. In the few cases where

48296°-VOL 24-11-17

he does the work with teams as well, the crop is divided into equal shares. With few exceptions, the leases cover one-year periods and are usually made in November so that the tenant may raise his plants for the spring planting.

There is much subleasing among the Japanese. A storekeeper of that race has been a party to many leases, which he has transferred to his countrymen on profitable terms. Several other Japanese are leading partners in several leases from which they derive large aggregate incomes.

LAND OWNED BY JAPANESE.

Only two tracts of land in this district are owned by Japanese. One tract contains 10, the other 60, acres. Two Japanese partners purchased the 60-acre tract four years ago for $10,000, payable in three yearly installments, all of which have been paid. Thirty-five acres are devoted to beet growing and 23 acres to celery.

CHAPTER X.

IMMIGRANT LABOR IN CALIFORNIA FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNERIES."

[For General Tables see pp. 712 to 734.]

INTRODUCTION.

In value of output the canning industry ranks second in importance among the manufactures of California. The only output of greater value is that of lumber and timber products. This rank is the result of a steady growth, for in 1890 six other industries exceeded canneries in the value of their total output. The census for 1900 shows that in that year the canning industry had reached third rank, while the census report on manufactures, 1905, shows that it had risen to second place. The total capital employed increased from $2,622,890 in 1890 to $9,295,056 in 1905, an increase of 254 per cent. During the same period the value of products increased 283 per cent, or from $6,211,440 in 1890 to $23,809,988 in 1905. A more complete statistical statement of the advance made may be found in the following table, which has been compiled from the censuses of manufactures for 1890, 1900, and 1905.

TABLE 85.-Development of canneries in California from census of 1890 and. 1900 and special report of manufactures, 1905.

The growth of the canning industry thus shown is closely connected with the development of fruit and vegetable growing. In

This report is based upon investigation, by agents of the Commission, of 18 canneries. The canneries investigated were among the largest in the State and employed about 3,000 persons, which is more than two-fifths of the number reported by the Census of Manufactures, 1905, as being employed in the canneries of this State. Though 13 of the 18 canneries investigated are located in San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Jose, and Fresnoall large urban communities-and only 5 in rural communities, the data are believed to be representative as regards most matters of importance.