American citizenship. Ninety-five of the remaining 247 foreign-born had been here too short a period of time to meet the residence requirements of our naturalization laws. From these facts it is clear that a comparatively small proportion of the foreign-born laborers in the hop industry had had an opportunity to become citi zens. Data in regard to political status were reported in regard to 81 of these laborers who had been in the United States five years or more, and who did not belong to the races denied the privilege of naturalization. These data relative to their political condition are presented in the table following.

TABLE 54.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race or race group.

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

One-fourth of those reported in the foregoing table have failed to take any steps toward naturalization, while 31 have taken out their first papers and 30 have become citizens. Sixty-six of the total of 81 came from North European countries. Of these, 9 were still aliens, 29 had their first papers, and 28 had become citizens. Only 2 of the remaining 15 had become citizens. Two others had taken out first papers. Of all the races represented the Germans have shown the strongest desire to become citizens, while the Greeks have shown the greatest indifference.

The following tables show the conjugal condition of the male and female hop pickers and location of wives of foreign-born employees: TABLE 55.-Conjugal condition of employees, by sex and general nativity and race or race group.

TABLE 55.-Conjugal condition of employees, by sex and general nativity and race or race group-Continued.

TABLE 56.-Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.

Table 55 shows that 69.1 per cent of all the male workers reported were single. This condition may be attributed largely to the highly seasonal character of the work and the method used to secure laborers. Such conditions tend to attract young men who are free from home ties and who are on the lookout for a change of work or a moneymaking vacation. Besides those reported as single, there were 96 foreign-born who were living as single men because their wives were still in their native lands (Table 56). If we include these 96 and the 33 who were widowed or divorced, we find that 82.2 per cent of all the male laborers were free from the limitations of family ties. Of the remaining 173 who were living with their families it is safe to say that the majority had their families at work with them in the hopyards. To these family groups doubtless almost all of the 148 married women belonged.

A

It is noticeable that very few of the North Europeans were married. Of a total of 139 only 16 were reported as married, and all but one of these had their wives in this country with them. Á somewhat larger proportion of Greeks were married. Of a total of 69 of this race 17 were married, but only 3 of these had their wives with them. Seventy-three of the 240 Japanese were married, but only 19 of their wives had come to the United States. More than two-thirds of the

East Indians were married, but not one of that race reported his wife as a resident of this country.

Over one-half of the women were married, and, as noted above, they were for the most part members of family groups engaged in picking hops. About one-third were single. They were in the main recruited from the schools, shops, and factories of the cities. The wages earned were usually not the sole end in view. Frequently their primary aim was to have a vacation and a good time. Eighteen widows were reported as working in the hopyards. Only 31 foreignborn women, of whom 23 were married, are reported in this table. The proportion as thus indicated was larger than that among the native-born, of whom 57.3 per cent were married.

The standard of the laborers of the hopyards in the matter of literacy was, on the whole, high. The table next presented shows that 96.9 per cent of the native-born and 94.4 per cent of the foreign-born males could read and write some language. That is to say, 95.6 per cent of all the males were literate. A slightly larger percentage of the women could read and write-96.4 per cent of the native-born, 93.9 per cent of the foreign-born, and 96.2 per cent of the total number of women. The general literacy of this group of laborers may be traced largely to the fact that the majority of them were city bred and had had the advantages of the more highly developed school systems of the cities. The percentage of literacy would be several points higher were we to consider all except the American Indians and East Indians. Eliminating these two races, 98.9 of the males were literate. With the exception of the East Indians, literacy was as general among the foreign-born as among the native-born.

All but one of the North Europeans, males and females, could read and write some language; 97.4 per cent of the Japanese, 91.4 per cent of the Greeks, and 60.1 per cent of the East Indians were literate. Approximately three-fourths of the American Indians, male and female, were literate.

TABLE 57.-Number of employees who read and number who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race or race group.

Not all of the immigrants of the hopyards who meet the general literacy test can read and write their native language. This fact is shown by the table following, which indicates that of 486 males reporting data on this point 37 were unable to read and write their native language, whereas only 29 of 522 could not read and write some language. This difference is due to the American education of immigrant children who came to this country with their parents when young.

TABLE 58.-Number of foreign-born employees who read their native language and number who read and write their native language, by sex and race or race grouр. [This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]

Slightly more than one-third of the foreign-born laborers employed in the hop industry had learned to read and write English. The table following shows that 193, or 39.2 per cent, of the males and 7, or 33.3 per cent, of the females reported could read and write. English. The smallness of the proportion who had mastered our written language is due to the presence of a large number of orientals in the data, who have made little progress in this regard. Only 22.7 per cent of the Japanese and East Indians could both read and write English. Of all races other than these two, taken together, 143, or 63.2 per cent, could read and write English. The North Europeans, taken as a group, had a large percentage, 83.9, of persons possessing this ability. South Europeans, as typified by the Greeks, showed a much lower standard in this regard, only 31.4 per cent being able to read and write English. The explanation of these facts is to be found in the length of residence and racial habits of the people. The north Europeans are older residents, and through the possession of many characteristics similar to those of the natives, they have been able to associate freely with the natives, thus acquiring the language. Those who came to the United States as children have also had the benefit of American schooling. The south Europeans and the orientals, on the other hand, are more recent immigrants and have a decided tendency toward clannishness. This is especially true of the orientals. These men, as pointed out earlier, work in gangs of their own race under the "boss" system, and have little opportunity to associate with English-speaking people.

TABLE 59.-Number of foreign-born employees who read English and who read and write English, by sex and race or race group.

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]

In spite of the obstacles indicated above, the races of the Orient have shown a marked aptitude for learning our spoken language. The table following, which presents data with regard to the ability of the foreign-born to speak English, shows that of the 137 Japanese men who had entered the United States within five years, 107, or 77.7 per cent, could speak English. Ninety-nine of the men of this race had been in America more than five years, and of these 83, or 85 per cent, could speak English. Although all of the East Indians had come to this country within five years, 79.5 per cent had learned to speak our language. It should be pointed out, however, that most of them had lived in Canada for some time before coming to the United States. All of the immigrant men of North European origin had acquired the ability to speak English. However, almost nine-tenths of this group had been in this country more than five years. The Greeks are nearly all recent immigrants, and only about two-thirds of the males of this race who were reported could speak English.

Too few women were reported to warrant an accurate comparison with the men with regard to their command of our language. They would seem, however, to be somewhat slower than the men in learning to speak our tongue.

TABLE 60.-Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex and race or race group.