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PHOTOGRAPHY IN NEWSPAPER WORK.

THE

HE eminent artist who recently replied, when asked whether he liked hunting, that he was very fond of it, but preferred to shoot his game with a camera, can sympathize with the modern reporter. Owing to the almost universal use of illustration in the modern daily paper, the camera is often the most important part of the special reporter's outfit, and the game that he is required to chase up and bring down with it is varied enough. In The American Journal of Photography, October, Walter Scot relates some of the experiences that fall to the lot of such a hunter, and surely they are as exciting and checkered as any that are met with by sportsmen who use powder and shot. Says Mr. Scot:

"News-hunting, itself one of the most exciting of occupations, even to men who have spent years in the profession, is made doubly exhilarating by the use of the camera. When the correspondent has traveled a hundred miles to photograph something that can only be gotten then and there, and which means a loss of reputation if he fails to procure, the same fascination attends the pressure of the bulb as when the amateur makes his first exposure. The dictum of newspaper life is must. Through every disadvantage of weather, including exposures made during snow and rain, at sunrise or sunset, in fact, in every condition where inconvenience and difficulty of operation are uppermost, the illustrator must get what he started out for. One advantage only stands to the credit of the illustrator-his pictures are not required to be photographically perfect, as the smallest amount of detail will suffice for the pen-and-ink workers to draw over. This privilege is allowed him from necessity, tho it is always his aim: to produce as good negatives as possible.

"To give a fair idea of the character of work demanded by the average paper, and the difficulty of procuring the assigned subjects, the writer will enumerate a few of the examples that come up in the experience of the every-day correspondent.

"The writer started out on a sea-going tug with a vessel in tow, during the great blizzard of last winter, to illustrate the ice blockade on the Delaware River. The apparatus used was a large 8 x 10 field-camera, fitted with a wooden drop-shutter improvised on the spur of the moment. The shutter was kept in the boiler-room, and swelled so that it touched the sides of the guides and over-exposed all the plates. By an original process, they were all brought up as clear as well-timed plates. The exposures were made from the roof of the cabin, the thermometer down to 50 below zero, and the wind blowing a gale. Having forgotten a ruby lantern, the plates had to be changed in complete darkness. 'The set of photographs on this trip were poor for a professional, but above the average for an amateur.

[Dec. 14, 1895

"The tank steamship Allegheny was sunk last January down the Delaware Bay, and is now being righted at a Cadmen shipyard. The writer has followed the wreck for months, photographing it from every point of view. Two of the best pictures were taken respectively from the yard arm of a near-by vessel, and suspended from a loop of rope at the end of a derrick crane.

In

"In figure work, the greatest difficulty encountered by the newspaper illustrator who aims to get life into his subjects, is in arranging them so that they will retain the positions natural to their occupations. I recently made cuts for a hot-weather article, the most important views of which were two coal-heavers in the boiler-room of an excursion boat, and a furnace-tender at Baldwin's locomotive works. Both were flashlight pictures. attempting anything of this kind, where the correct relation of the subject to the title of the picture is an absolute necessity, it is a good plan to explain to your subject just what you want the picture for. When this fails, the writer simply tells his subjects to go on with their work, in the mean time focusing the camera and making the exposure before they have time to line up in the invariable 'present arms' attitude. This may be a suggestion to those who have had difficulty in getting artistic and natural poses into their groups. Another way to divert the attention of the person from the camera is to explain its use to him briefly and show him how it works. His curiosity is at once satisfied, the charm vanishes, and you can get him to do anything you desire. It takes tact and skill to get good negatives, aside from the mastery of photography as a technology.

"The newspaper illustrator occasionally meets people who are decidedly averse to having their pictures taken. In the slums it

"The newspaper of to-day has not awakened to a thorough appreciation of the hand-camera, owing partially to small demand for local matter, and the lack of newspaper writers who are able to operate cameras. Advocates of the hand-camera do not claim for it a superiority over free-hand illustration, but merely wish to point out its advantages under certain conditions. In Philadelphia at the present time five of the largest papers are using handcameras with splendid results. Six years ago, a camera of any kind was a rarity. The advance speaks for itself, and points for ward to a new and important use of photography for the future."

THE

HOTTEST SPOT ON EARTH.

HE hottest region on the earth's surface is said to be on the southwestern coast of Persia, on the border of the Persian Gulf, where for forty consecutive days in the months of July and August the mercury has been known to stand above one hundred (legrees in the shade night and day, and to run up as high as one hundred and thirty degrees in the middle of the afternoon. A writer in Lippincott's gives the following information concerning the means of getting drinking-water at this place:

"At Balırein, in the center of the most torrid part of this most torrid, belt as tho it were nature's intention to make the place as unbearable as possible, water from wells is something unknown. Great shafts have been sunk to a depth of one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, and even five hundred feet, but always with the same result, no water. This serious drawback notwithstanding, a comparatively numerous population contrives to live there, thanks to copious springs which burst forth from the bottom of the gulf more than a mile from the shrore.

"The water from these springs is obtained in a most curious and novel manner. 'Machadores' (divers), whose sole occupation is that of furnishing the people of Bahrein with the lifegiving fluid, repair to that portion of the gulf where the springs are situated and bring away with them hundreds of skin-bags full of the water each day. The water of the gulf where the springs burst forth is nearly two hundred feet deep, but these machadores manage to fill their goat-skin sacks by diving to the bottom and holding the mouths of the bags over the fountain-jets-this, too, without allowing the salt water of the gulf to mix with it. The source of these submarine fountains is thought to be in the hills of Osmond, four hundred or five hundred miles away. Being situated at the bottom of the gulf, it is a mystery how they were ever discovered, but the fact remains that they have been known since the dawn of history.”

Greatest Depth of the Pacific.-"Mr. W. J. L. Wharton," says Cosmos, "reports a point in the Pacific that seems to have a greater depth than that discovered recently near Japan. This point is found in 23° 40' south latitude and 175° 10' west longitude, and the Penguin broke her sounding-line there, after having payed out 4,900 fathoms without touching bottom. The same accident occurred twice. It may be hoped that in the end we shall succeed in obtaining the exact value of this depth, which is, in any case, 245 fathoms greater than that of the point near Japan, mentioned above."-Translated for THE LITERARY Digest.

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BUSINESS SITUATION.

In dry-goods holiday specialties are more active; cotton goods remain steady, and woolens are in only moderate demand, with the outlook not favoring particular activity early next year. Woolen mills are said to be receiving fair orders for spring. Holders of wool are sanguine on stronger London quotations and higher prices in Australia and the Argentine.

and a decrease of only 14 per cent. from 1892. Only thirteen out of eighty-seven cities show decreases this year from last in the eleven months' period.

November bank-clearings are $4,688,594,925, or 9.6 per cent. smaller than October, but 13.6 per cent. larger than November, 1894, and only 14 per cent. smaller than November, 1892, a record month in clearings. With the exception of October and May, this, the total of the month just closed, is larger than any month since May, 1893. Only twice in twelve years has the November total exceeded that for October. At New York the gain over November last year is 16 per cent., while outside of that city the gain is over 11 per cent. Gains in groups of cities are smaller in November than in October, except in the far West, where the trade revival seems to have enlarged clearings materially. Twenty-three cities show decreases for the month compared with 1894, a larger number than for some time past; but the decreases at the larger cities are mostly fractional. The total clearing at sixty cities for eleven months aggreThe General State of Trade. gate $47,808,239,595, a gain of 17 per cent. over last General trade continues the features of prece-year, a decrease of less than 3 per cent. from 1893, ding weeks-smaller volume, quiet in most lines, business being conducted conservatively, activity only among dealers in woolens, clothing, shoes, and hardware, and new orders generally of a filling-in character. The season has evidently been a late one, prolonged mild weather having delayed orders until the Christmas demand and the belated autumn request came together. Notwithstanding almost uniform reports of quiet and unchanged conditions, it should be noted that Jacksonville, Augusta, and Birmingham at the South, Milwaukee, Kansas City, and St. Louis at the West, prove exceptions to the rule, by reporting gains in demand for wholesale staple goods compared with the preceding week. The falling-off of 25 per cent. in bank-clearings last week (which was unusually heavy, even for Thanksgiving week) is more than offset by a total of $1,247,000,000 clearings this week, 43 per cent. more than last week, 7 per cent. more than in the first week of December, 1894, and 11 per cent. more than in 1893. The decrease this week compared with the corresponding period in 1892 (when the total was probably the largest weekly aggregate of clearings on record) is only 14 per cent., and as compared with the like week in 1891 the decrease is only 6 per cent.

The course of prices also shows a more favorable tendency, sugar, Indian corn, and wheat showing advances, prices of wheat, flour, pork, rice, and tobacco being firm and unchanged, while lower prices are furnished by oats, lard, coffee, cotton, print cloths, petroleum, leather, hides, and lumber, coal, Southern pig iron, Bessemer pig iron, live hogs, and live cattle.

Total business failures in the United States

Gold to the amount of $2,900,000 went abroad last week, including half a million which went to South America to settle European indebtedess. Further considerable shipments of gold are very probable. Fourteen or fifteen millions of interest on American stocks and bonds will be disbursed abroad about the first of the year. About an equal value of Illinois Central Stock and Pan Handle bonds are held for sale, but they are not going off so fast that exchange can be drawn against them to meet the interest payments. Business on the Stock Exchange was quiet, the trust stocks being depressed by the legal proceedings instituted against the Tobacco Trust, and the railroad securities being unfavorably affected by returns of the business of the Rock Island road. Sugar and Chicago Gas were exceptions to the general condition.

From most of the markets there comes the com

plaint that business is quiet if not slow, yet such evidence as the bank clearings afford indicates an unusually large volume of business in the aggregate. The presumption is that the Christmas trade and stocking-up by the smaller dealers have coincided and made more business than the state of the primary markets would indicate. Besdes this, altho the stock market here was quiet, the aggregate business done was very much greater than the week before. Altogether the clearings were greater than in any previous week for some months. The figures of The Financial and Commercial Chronicle show a gain over the preceding week of more than 30 per cent., of which the occurrence of Thanksgiving Day in the last week of November is only a partial explanation. Bradstreet's figures for a week which does not exactly coincide with the week of The Chronicle, but do not involve estimates for one day, show a gain over the week before of 43 per cent., the gain over the same week of last year being only 7 per cent., but as compared with the nearly if not quite unprecedented clearing of the same week in 1892 the falling-off is not more than 14 per cent.-Journal of Commerce, New York.

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Available wheat stocks in the United States and Canada at this time are the

smallest at like dates in three years. November's net increase in world's wheat supplies is about

11,000,000 bushels in round numbers, about one half the November increase in 1891 and in 1892 (years of extraordinarily heavy receipts), only two thirds the November increase in 1893, but more than twice the November increase last year.-Bradstreet's, December 7.

The President's Message-Export of
Gold, etc.

The President's message was without effect upon business, for it was already known that he would urge the retirement of the greenbacks, a move which the business world has become accustomed to contemplating; he was silent as to a new basis for bank currency, and the detailed statement of the operations of the Treasury in the report of the Seeretary has not yet been made public. But

Continued depression in wheat is finally fol- there is a very general feeling among business lowed by an advance, due to continued heavy men that the "boom" of last summer was checked shipments of wheat from the Pacific coast, and soon enough to prevent the reaction from being confirmatory reports of short crops in Australia disastrous; that the reaction has proceeded about and Argentine Republic. Minnesota, Iowa, Ne- as far as it is likely to go, and that the only thing braska, and Kansas farmers are endeavoring to now needed to give an assurance of active and

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prefer not to have their subscriptions interrupted and their files broken in case they fail to remit before expiration. It is therefore assumed, unless notification to discontinue is received, that the subscriber wishes no interruption in his series. Notification to discontinue at expiration can be sent in at any time during the year. PRESENTATION COPIES.-Many persons subscribe for THE LITERARY DIGEST to be sent to friends. In such cases, if we are advised that a subscription is a present and not regularly authorized by the recipient, we will make a memorandum to discontinue at expiration, and to send no bill for the ensuing year.

TOPICS OF THE DAY.

PROPOSED IMPEACHMENT OF MINISTER

BAYARD.

IMPEACHMENT or formal censure of Thomas F. Bayard, United States Ambassador to London, is demanded by the Republican majority in the House of Representatives. Resolutions accusing him of utterances "reflecting upon the intelligence and integrity of the American people," and directing the Committee on Foreign Relations to investigate the matter and recommend action by the House, have been introduced by Congressmen McCall and Barrett, of Massachusetts. The resolutions refer to Mr. Bayard's addresses in England, and particularly to his speech before the Edinburgh Philosophical Society, in which he described protection as a "form of State Socialism" that has done more than any other single cause to foster class legislation, corruption, inequality, and official demoralization in America. The Republicans in the House contend that such denunciation of a national policy is improper and inconsistent with the character of the office held by Mr. Bayard. Some Democrats appear to sympathize with the attack on Mr. Bayard, and while the general opinion seems to be that the expressions complained of furnish no ground for impeachment proceedings, a vote of censure is believed to be the least which the committee will recommend. Certain newspapers demand Mr. Bayard's recall by the President.

We append a few press comments, American and English: The President Should Recall Mr. Bayard. “A nation impeaches traitors and turns fools adrift. This is the punishment Mr. Bayard's offense deserves. An ambassador who could be guilty of such egregious folly as to make a public speech of the tenor of Mr. Bayard's is totally unfit to represent a great country such as the United States. He should be recalled. To impeach him would be like breaking a butterfly on a wheel.

"Mr. Bayard's conduct is as inexcusable as it was undignified on the part of one of our highest diplomatic representatives

abroad.

"It is high time that our Ministers should learn the serious duties attached to their offices. They are not sent to foreign

WHOLE NUMBER, 296

courts for their own amusement, nor to express absurdly revolutionary and jingoistic views on important international affairs to the first comer, nor yet to go on lecturing tours all over the country. They are sent to represent a great nation, to uphold its dignity, to protect, its interests and defend its policy. He who does this worthily will find no time for showman-like excursions to distant points or bleating out stupid commonplaces on subjects that don't concern him in his official capacity.

'Messieurs les Ambassadeurs, a little more work and less talk. "Mr. Cleveland should recall Mr. Bayard." The Herald (Ind.), New York.

Suppressing Free Speech.-"Certain nascent, statesmen hitherto unknown to fame arise in the House of Representatives at Washington and demand the impeachment of this Thomas F. Bayard for declaring something that is not in the koran of the Republican Party.

Because Mr. Bayard is the Minister of the United States at the court of St. James he must be denied free speech, and in an address before a philosophical society he must, even when speaking of individual freedom, refrain from a pertinent illustration of the sapping of individual freedom hitherto insidiously practised and now boldly mantained by the Republican Party, which in the national House declares that for speaking the truth as he understands it Mr. Bayard shall be rebuked. The Republicans want a muzzle placed upon any publicist who, clearly seeing the results and tendencies of Republican legislation, pronounces them abhorrent to individual freedom."--The Chronicle (Dem.), Chicago. A Crime Deserving Exemplary Punishment.-"Mr. Bayard's act was a crime. The President should have punished it. Since he has not done so, the duty devolves upon Congress to make such an example of this treacherous and disloyal servant as will be a warning to all of his kidney hereafter that the people of the United States are as imperial a majesty as any whose hands are kissed by courtiers. His punishment should be proclaimed with due solemnity to all the courts of Christendom.

"There is only one way to defend him. It is not by the petti fogging method of ascribing Representative McCall's obviously proper resolution to party motives. Mr. Bayard did not libel any party. He libeled the people, openly, undeniably, undenied. ly. The only defense is to justify the libel, to prove its truth. This will involve the contravention of the Constitution of the United States. Is Mr. Crisp prepared for the defense? Is he wise to undertake it? This is no light matter. This is no party matter. It is a matter which will appear more serious to the most partizan of Mr. Crisp's constituents the more he thinks of it. Can any one afford to defend Mr. Bayard? Is it not absolutely plain that he should be utterly cast out from and by the people whom he has so insolently defamed, and should not his own party colleagues be first in a work which is with them one of party purification?"—The Press (Rep.), New York.

Merely a Question of Taste.-"Mr. Bayard is known to have very strong views on the subject of protection, which he regards literally as robbery. He holds to the extreme view that the Government has no constitutional right to impose taxes of any kind except for the purpose of raising revenue. Carrying this doctrine to its logical conclusion, the imposition of taxes, without authority, for other purposes-for protection, for example—is a misuse of power, and leads to corruption of all kinds. Mr. Bayard, taking this extreme view, and allowing his imagination to run riot, drew an amazing picture of the political and social effects of protection, but his chief offense was that, being at the time American Ambassador, he presented this picture to foreigners with what was, in effect at least, an official indorsement of its authenticity. In this The Ledger thinks Mr. Bayard made a grave mistake. He has a right to his opinions, a right to give expression to them, and it is therefore idle to talk about impeach

ing him for exercising these rights in England or elsewhere. His conduct is mainly a question of taste and judgment. As Ambassador he represents all the people of America, and it is, to say the least, unnecessary for him to denounce in unmeasured terms economical principles which have been approved by fully one half of his constituents. We are inclined to think that Mr. Bayard fully deserved the berating he received, tho it would have been foolish to have carried the matter to the point of presenting him for impeachment."-The Ledger (Rep.), Philadelphia.

A Reprimand in Order.-"Mr. Bayard will not be impeached for his recent un-American utterances abroad, but the introduction of resolutions to that effect in the House has served to expose the utter lack of defensive arguments in his behalf. Regardless of the economic principle involved in the case, the fact remains that Mr. Bayard committed what, even his strongest partizans will admit was an indiscretion of a grave nature, and his utterances at Edinburgh, containing such a serious characterization of the Americans who honestly believe in protection, were wholly uncalled for and improper. Mr. Bayard has not been guilty of 'treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors,' and his offense is not properly impeachable. But he deserves to be reprimanded by the American people through their representatives in Congress assembled, and this rebuke will doubtless be administered."-The Star (Ind.), Washington.

The House, Not Mr. Bayard, Discreditable to the Nation. "The resolutions passed by the House of Representatives, threatening the impeachment of Ambassador Bayard, do not call for serious attention. It is perhaps enough to say that men of the average age of our Congressmen ought to be above such childishness, and that it is as a reflection on the intelligence of the people of Massachusetts in particular that they have consented to allow themselves to be represented at Washington by a man who is willing to take a leading part in this exhibition of petty partizan spite, the importance of which may be exaggerated abroad greatly to the discredit of our nation. Ambassador Bayard's public speeches in Great Britain have been of a high degree of excellence that honors the American people, however out of harmony they may have been with the repudiated high protectionist notions of certain classes at home."—The Journal (Ind.), Providence.

Blinded by Partizanship to the First Principle of Diplomacy. "It may be maintained that such action as Congress has taken is so extraordinary as almost to be unprecedented, but so were the ill-judged utterances which provoked it. Indeed, so flagrant was Mr. Bayard's offense that even the English newspapers, which might naturally be assumed to be the eager defenders of a man who in one breath exalted the English system of free trade and slurred his native America, are compelled to condemn his absurd extravagance.

"His references to protection were obnoxious, not because they were an attack upon the historic economic policy of the American Republic, tho they might justly be resented on that ground, but primarily because they were a violation of that maxim which is just as true of nations as of families, that it is not discreet or courteous to discuss domestic differences before strangers. Our ambassadors and ministers are supposed to be representatives of no party or faction, but of the entire United States. It is a pity that Mr. Bayard, who has many of the social graces of the successful diplomatist, should permit a spasm of narrow partizanship to blind him to this elementary principle of his profession." -The Journal (Rep.), Boston.

"Partisan spite and pettiness could not go much farther than this. It offers a melancholy comment on the character and purposes of the party leaders who are seeking renewed control of the Government. They may gain the Presidential election, but if they do it will be in spite of and not because of such party tactics as we see resorted to in this ridiculous business.”—The Republican (Ind.), Springfield.

"The Republicans are making a mistake, costly to themselves as well as to the country, if they think that they can satisfy the sober sentiment of the nation by mountebank performances, whether they relate to Venezuela, or to Hawaii, or to Mr. Bayard. What is wanted of this Congress is good, solid work, and if the country doesn't get it the ruling party will soon learn what the country thinks of it. . . . They will find that the people expect

of their legislators something more substantial than wind, and more dignified than buncombe."- The News (Ind.), Baltimore. "The truth of the matter is that the resolution attacking Bayard was simply introduced in the House for buncombe. The Republican members wish to give their high-tariff constituents the shadow and not the substance of advocacy of the doctrines so pleasing to them and so helpful to their pockets."-The Register (Dem.), Columbia.

"The resolution was neither wise nor timely. It has resulted in a distinct loss of dignity and prestige to the House of Representatives, as well as to the gentleman who offered it, because it appears like proposing a foregone futility, and, to a certain extent, committing the Republican side of the House to it.

Let us not play with the broad ax of impeachment. It was not designed as a plaything.”—The Tribune (Rep.), Detroit. “The resolutions of impeachment or censure of Mr. Bayard are as full of folly as they are of spleen. When did free speech become crime in this country and when did an ambassador forfeit his rights as a citizen?"- The Times (Dem.), Kansas City.

"That a man ignorant of the fact that protection is a part of the system of State Socialism should be able to get a seat in Congress is a most portentous circumstances. It has been demonstrated over and over again, and it can not be successfully denied. Yet here is a fresh specimen from Massachusetts, thrown by a political upheaval into Congress, who professes not only to be ignorant of this fact, but even to believe that a statement of it is an official misdemeanor. If Mr. Barrett had laid down as his major premise that telling the truth is a high crime when Republicans are in power, his reasoning would have been intelligible." -The Courier-Journal (Dem.), Louisville.

"Mr. Bayard permitted himself to indulge in freedom of speech about his own countrymen, rulers, and politics that would have been impossible for a diplomatic of the Old World, and we think the Republican majority are reasonably annoyed.”—The Globe, London.

"The pettiness of party warfare in the United States was never more clearly displayed. Mr. Bayard has gained the good-will of all classes here. The United States has always been singularly fortunate in the selection of its Ambassadors to Great Britain, and Mr. Bayard has proved himself worthy of the foremost rank. This petty outburst of spite upon the part of a political clique will not tend to increase our feeling of respect for American politicians."-The Standard, London.

"Mr. Bayard may decline to retain his post after the attack that was made upon him in Congress yesterday, and if he resigns it will be regretted here, as he is a fine example of a dignified, upright, and eloquent American statesman. But his alleged indiscretion was so deliberate that we doubt whether he had not con

templated its probable result. We should resent any British minister making a speech in a foreign country attacking a vital part of our policy.”—The St. James's Gazette, London.

The New Constitution Satisfactory to South, Carolina.-While the Northern press continues to attack the franchise clauses of the new constitution which goes into force in January in South Carolina, the press of that State seems to be generally of the opinion that the work of the convention has been cheerfully accepted by all parties and that factional bitterness has been allayed by the new constitution. The Columbia Register believes that white unity is assured, and goes on to say: "The sentiment of the members at the close of the convention's work might be crystallized into this sentence: We are all South Carolinians, whether Conservatives or Reformers, sons of a common mother State; it is folly for us to be fighting each other, and the time has come for all that to cease and for us to stand solidly together, putting forth our best united efforts for the advancement of the highest interests of the ever-glorious Palmetto State. The members have gone home, after making a constitution satisfactory to both sides-save in some particulars where nothing else could be done, owing to the fact that the Federal Constitution interposed immovable checks-and they will doubtless preach a propaganda of peace, the seeds of which have been sown among the people by the harmonious work of the convention. Every patriot will bid them God-speed in their efforts and second them

all."