TH Ohio. HOW "DIXIE” WAS BORN. HE author of "Dixie," the Southern "national" air and warsong, is now an octogenarian, and lives in Mount Vernon, He is a retired "minstrel," and his name is Daniel D. Emmett. His grandfather was an Irishman, who came to this country and served in the Revolutionary War, and whose son, Abraham Emmett, father of Daniel, was born in Virginia, and before the war of 1812 moved to Ohio. These facts are given, in the October Century, by Mr. Robert Sheerin, who is intimately acquainted with the author of Dixie," and who recently visited him at his home. Further items we condense. About 1828 young Dan Emmett went to Cincinnati and engaged to travel with Stickney's circus as a violin-player. Afterward he joined Miller's Caravan, and his work was to sing songs, chiefly darky songs, accompanied by "hoe-downs" and "walk-arounds." Emmett made his own verses, and sang them to some popular tune. He traveled all over the parts of the United States then visited by minstrel troops, with Dan Rice, Spaulding, Seth Howes, Dr. Leonard, Welsh and Mann, Joe Sweeney, and other noted minstrels. Everywhere he went he was a favorite. His understand. ing and rendering of the negro dialect were perfect. He was the originator of the first "perfected" minstrel company in this country. The troupe afterward traveled all over Great Britain. We now quote from Mr. Sheerin's narrative: "As the venerable old man recounted to me his palmy days of minstrelsy, his eyes fairly twinkled with delight. His voice is thoroughly trained to the sweet tone of the melodious negro's voice, and a few old negro expressions and songs from him showed that he had not lost his old-time understanding of them. Since his time minstrelsy has undergone a change. The minstrels of that day did nothing but what the negro could and did do. The old-time darkies were not the acrobats and circus-clowns that minstrels make themselves to-day, and the old-time interpretation of dialect and mannerisms was more true to life than now. The Mr. "One Saturday night, as Mr. Emmett was proceeding homeward, he was overtaken by Jerrie Bryant, and asked to make a 'hooray,' and bring it to the rehearsal on Monday morning. great objects of the 'hooray' chorus were sound and noise. Emmett replied that it was a short time in which to make a good one, but he would do his best to please Mr. Bryant. He composed the walk-around the next day, and brought it to the rehearsal Monday morning, music and words complete. The tune and words of 'Dixie,' as now sung, are exactly as Mr. Emmett wrote them. Various aspirants for the authorship of the song in their attempts to lay claim to it have been cut short by the timely interference of friends of the composer. . . . The complete song is as follows: DIXIE. I wish I was in de land ob cotton, Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land! Look away, look away, away, Dixie land! CHORUS.-Den I wish I was in Dixie, hooray, hooray! To lib and die in Dixie. Away, away, away down south in Dixie! Old missus marry Will de weaber, William was a gay deceaber; Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land! When he put his arm around 'er, He look as fierce as a forty-pounder. His face was as sharp as a butcher's cleaber, Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land! Old missus acted de foolest part, And died for a man dat broke her heart, cok away, look away, away, Dixie land! Dixie land! Now here's health to de next old missus, Look away, look away, look away, Dixie land! Den hoe it down, an' scratch your grabble, To Dixie's land I'm bound to trabble, Look away, look away, away, Dixie land! "From the time it was first sung at Bryant's Hall in New York it was a success, and it became a favorite all over the United States as fast as minstrel troupes could bring it before the people. "It is interesting to know how 'Dixie' became the Southern national air or war-song. Early in the war a spectacular performance was being given in New Orleans. Every part had been filled, and all that was lacking was a march and war-song for the grand chorus. A great many marches and songs were tried, but none could be decided upon until 'Dixie' was suggested and tried; and all were so enthusiastic over it that it was at once adopted and given in the performance. It was taken up immèdiately by the populace, and was sung in the streets, and in homes and and concert-halls, daily. It was taken to the battle-fields, there became the great song of the South, and made many battles harder for the Northerner, many easier for the Southerner. Tho it has thus particularly endeared itself to the South, the reunion of American hearts has made it a national song. Mr. Lincoln even regarded it as national property by capture. "I asked Mr. Emmett what suggested the words and tune of 'Dixie.' He told me that when the cold wintry days of the North set in, all minstrels had a great desire to go South, that is, to 'Dixie's land.' On a cold day a common saying was, 'Oh, I wish I was in Dixie's land!' and this was the key to the song. The tune was composed in much the same way: one bar of music set the key for the whole." The Bicycle in Russia.-The cycling "sport" has attained great popularity in Russia, but the press, it seems, devotes so little attention to it that some eager wheelmen have written to the St. Petersburg papers complaining of their indifference and pointing out that in other countries better treatment is accorded to the bicycle fraternity. Commenting on this plaint, Novosti says: "The wheelmen are offended because we have not seen fit to hail them as the salt of the earth. They would like, it appears, to be exempted from the house tax, from military service and from the tax on renewal of passports, as well as to have, in each city, a grant of public land for the construction of a bicycle track. But what special services have they rendered to the fatherland and the unborn generations? Why should we allow them exceptional privileges? Of course we can not prohibit men from riding a bicycle or any other kind of wheel, provided he does not threaten the safety of others and does not unduly restrict the freedom of locomotion. We can not, further, prohibit men from breaking their ribs, heads, etc., and bicycle races, while of no conceivable utility, are at least innocent. But, pray, what service or social benefit is there in the fact that a man named A has defeated a man named B and beaten the record from St. Petersburg to Odessa?" Manners of Doctors.—“A very gratifying tendency has marked the development of the medical profession in the last generation. The slough of mannerisms, the formal dress, the owl-like solemnity, have been thrown off, and the physician, by his own choice, is being judged more by his actual attainments than by external appearances Thirty years ago, a bald head, a white beard, and a long frock-coat were as much a part of the physician's equipment as his diploma. Now, on the other hand, it is no infrequent occurrence for an elderly man of real ability, and modern in his methods of practise, to lose a patient through the fear that he may not be fully abreast of the times. What can be further from the old traditions than a leading surgeon lounging about in an outing shirt and blue belt, or a distinguished physician playing polo? Yet these amusements are simply a relaxation from the tension of professional study. One of the best indications that people are learning to judge their medical advisers by their merits is the fact that the advertising physicians are being driven to the wall, despite the most specious extrinsic evidence of success that the shrewdest business methods can produce.”—A. L. Benedict, in November Lippincott's. BUSINESS SITUATION. The State of Trade. The volume of general trade for two weeks has hardly reached expectations, and now assumes the character of between seasons. Wholesale dealers in seasonable staples, such as dry goods, clothing, hats and shoes, report only a fairly active business, exceptions being at such points as New York, Baltimore, Chicago, Kansas City and Duluth. The total number of failures throughout the mates or prospects, and the liquidation caused a United States during the week is 259, against 289 price was 2c. lower.—Bradstreet's, October 26. for the previous week, and 221, 329, and 220 for the corresponding weeks in 1894, 1893, and 1892. A noteworthy feature of the week is the revival in demand for pig iron, the upward tendency in quotations of leading cereals, and the liquidation in the cotton market. Sales of cotton goods have are that unless additional orders are received an a dis Increased gold-mining activity causes cussion of the probability of an investment, and speculative boom here suggested by the Kaffir craze. Bradstreet's this week points ont that public interest in gold-mining must be based upon actual developments, as at Witswatersrand, and financial and practical methods such as distinguish the upper Michigan copper corporation of Boston. Cotton speculation has been active and excited, with record-breaking sales and price declines all markets. The price had advanced from lowest point in February to 9%c. (spot), a gain a 39-16c. in seven months. Speculation more than discounted, improved trade and short crop esti Failure. Freligh's Cerebro-Spinant) will cure when everything else has I. O. Woodruff & Co., Export of Breadstuffs. The export of breadstuffs, tho a little larger But information regarding the demand for K-B 4 saves time and labor; money too100 letters, postal cards, copies of music, drawings, or typewritten copy, in almost no time, and exact copies at that, by using the Lawton Simplex. Requires no washing or cleaning, and saves its cost over and again in sending out notices. Costs but little ($3 to $10). CAUTION. Other things are being made and called Simplex Printers. The only way to be sure of getting the genuine is to see that yours is the Lawton Simplex Printer. Send for circulars. Agents wanted. LAWTON & CO., 20 Vesey St., New York. זי. your money. San Francisco; the Rev. I. W. Bieber, Bethlehem, Pa.; Jno. F. Dee, Buffalo; W. G. Donnan, Independence, Ia. Only author's solution sent by A. Tooley, Brockport, N. Y.; the Revs. E. C. Haskell, Sigourney, Ia., and E. M. McMillen, Lebanon, Ky. Pittsburg; H. J. Hutson, Rochester; X. Hawkins, It is an interesting fact that of those who sent From the Hastings Tournament. Food for the Tired Brain. It furnishes building material for brain and nerves (the phosphates) and imparts renewed. strength. Booth's Pocket Inhaler DEAR SIR: I sent you one dollar about ten days ago for one of your Mrs. Honey had been suffering severely for three weeks daily with Hyomei is a purely vegetable antiseptic, and destroys the germs and microbes which cause diseases of the respiratory organs. The air, thoroughly charged with Hyomei, is inhaled through the Pocket Inhaler at the mouth, and, after permeating the minutest air-cells, is slowly exhaled through the nose. It is aromatic, delightful to inhale, inexpensive, and gives immediate relief. It stops all spasmodic coughing instantly, clears the voice, expands the lungs, and increases the breath. ing capacity. BOOTH'S POCKET INHALER (Rev.) GEORGE W. HONEY. HYOMEL RAT BOOTH, NEW YORK. Pocket Inhaler Outfit, Complete, by Mail, $1.00 (consisting of pocket in- What Lasker Says of Pillsbury. "Mr. Pillsbury's achievement was doubtless very brilliant, and at the same time very much surprising; but it seems too soon to give a positive opinion about him. Of course I shall play a match with Mr. P., or anybody who would challenge me for the championship of the world. The Hastings C. C. wants me to play with either Tschigorin or Pillsbury; but as the former would scarcely be able to get away from Russia (the match must be played in England), I fancy there is a good chance of a match between myself and Mr. P., provided he gets backing to the amount of $2,000. A high amount of stakes is necessary to prevent receiving to display such steadiness under such trying cirtoo many challenges." cumstances is a most agreeable surprise for the Tarrasch's Views on the Hastings Dr. Sigismund Tarrasch, the eminent German The Doctor believes that Tschigorin played the strongest, and but for bad physical condition would have been first. Most of us are surprised at the Doctor's assertion that Lasker has shown, in this tournament, for the first time that he is a strong player. He says: "His match with Steinitz deserves, according to Miron says: "The deciding move of a ing and singing in my ears. My hearfng truly classical ending. One might almost be began to fail, and for three years I was almost entirely deaf, and I continually grew worse. Everything I had tried failed. In despair, I commenced to use the Aerial Medication in 1888, and the effect of the first application was simply wonderful. In less than five minutes my hearing was fully restored, and has been perfect ever since, and in a few months was entirely The British Chess Magazine says: "Mr. Pills- ELI BROWN, Jacksboro, Tenn. Medicines for 3 Months' Treatment Free. To introduce this treatment and prove beyond doubt that it is a positive cure for Deafness, Catarrh, Throat and Lung Diseases, I will send sufficient medicines for three months' treatment free. Address, J. H. MOORE, M.D., Cincinnati, O. WHOLE NUMBER, 290 VOL. XII., No. 2 Published Weekly by NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 9, 1895. PRICE. Per year, in advance, $3.00; four months, on trial, $1.00; single copies, 10 cents. RECEIPTS.-The yellow label pasted on the outside wrapper is a receipt for payment of subscription to and including the printed date. EXTENSION. The extension of a subscription is shown by the printed label the second week after a remittance is received. DISCONTINUANCES.-We find that a large majority of our subscribers prefer not to have their subscriptions interrupted and their files broken in case they fail to remit before expiration. It is therefore assumed, unless notification to discontinue is received, that the subscriber wishes no interruption in his series. Notification to discontinue at expiration can be sent in at any time during the year. PRESENTATION COPIES.-Many persons subscribe for THE LITERARY DIGEST to be sent to friends. In such cases, if we are advised that a subscription is a present and not regularly authorized by the recipient, we will make a memorandum to discontinue at expiration, and to send no bill for the ensuing year. M TOPICS OF THE DAY. "THE ISSUES OF 1896." UCH has been said lately regarding the disinclination of "Presidential possibilities" to assume definite positions on the political issues now before the country. It seems that VicePresidential possibilities are less timid, for Theodore Roosevelt and ex-Gov. William E. Russell, of Massachusetts, each of whom has been "mentioned" by admirers as a promising candidate for the second place on the national ticket, have freely expressed their opinions on "The Issues of 1896" in The Century of the current month. They tell us, each from his standpoint, what the issues are to be and what attitude should be taken toward them. They agree that the chief issues with which the national platforms will have to deal are the tariff, currency, and the country's foreign policy. Mr. Roosevelt finds that the prospects are exceedingly bright for the Republicans, and is at a loss to imagine what the Democrats can say for themselves. Mr. Russell thinks the perplexities are all on the Republican side, and that the Democrats have everything in their favor. Mr. Roosevelt begins as follows: "The next Presidential campaign will be remarkable, if for no other reason than because in it the Democratic Party will have to ask retention in power upon the ground that, if so retained, it will undo most of what it has done during the years that it had free governmental control. A party always bases much of its claim to public support upon the shortcomings of the opposite party; but the Republicans may safely leave the tale of their foes' shortcomings to be told by their foes themselves. Next year it seems as if the Democracy would achieve the distinction of running, at one and the same time, both on the issue that it will hereafter keep the promises which hitherto it has failed to keep, and also on the issue that it is perfectly safe to trust it, because it never has kept its promises, and does not intend to, and therefore need not be taken at its word by any man who fears a convulsion in our financial or economic policy. "This last must certainly be the attitude it will take on one of the great questions before the country-the tariff.. "All of their leaders who are entitled to receive respectful at tention denounce the Wilson-Gorman bill, and promise to sup. plant it by another. They can not take any other position. They are traitors to their own principles unless they denounce as treachery to these principles the work of their own hands. All they can promise is further agitation, further change and unrest, with all the attendant misfortunes of such change and unrest to the business community and to the world of workingmen. The Republicans, on the other hand, stand for a policy of commercial rest. They wish to continue the protective policy. They have no desire to carry the principle to unreasonable extremes. All they intend to do, if they have the power, is to remodel the present law wherever it is absolutely necessary to do so in the interests of impartial justice, so that all sections and all industries shall be treated alike.' Mr. Roosevelt thinks, however, that the financial question bids fair to overtop the tariff in interest. Turning to it, he claims that friends of "sound money" must find his party more trustworthy than the Democratic Party. He writes: THEODORE ROOSEVELT. "The Republicans have always been strongly against any form of 'cheap' currency, whether under the guise of fiat paper or short-weight silver. All of the Presidential candidates on the Republican side are and have been against it-Reed, Morton, McKinley, Harrison, Allison. The free-silver Republicans are important only because they are concentrated in a number of the Rocky Mountain States. These States are sparsely populated. They count for little in a party convention or in a national election, but they count for a great deal in the Senate; and it is this disproportionate representation in the Senate that has given the free-silver people any weight at all in the Republican Party. With the Democratic Party affairs are widely different. In most of the great Democratic States there is a very strong and real sentiment in favor of free silver. In some of these States the free-silver men are in the majority, and have complete control of the party machinery. In other States they form merely a large minority." The Republican convention, Mr. Roosevelt says, will probably declare a desire for international bimetalism, but there is, he holds, no objection to that. With respect to our foreign policy, Mr. Roosevelt looks forward to an aggressive attitude on the part of the Republicans. While he is against buncombe, spread-eagleism, and bluster, he criticizes the policy of the present Administration as cowardly and humiliating. He says on this point: "We should build a first-class fighting navy-a navy, not of mere swift commerce-destroyers, but of powerful battle-ships. We should annex Hawaii immediately. It was a crime against the United States, it was a crime against white civilization, not to annex it two years and a half ago. The delay did damage that is perhaps irreparable; for it meant that at the critical period of races. the island's growth the influx of population consisted, not of white Americans, but of low-caste laborers drawn from the yellow We should build the isthmian canal, and it should be built either by the United States Government or under its protection. We should inform Great Britain, with equal firmness and courtesy, that the Monroe doctrine is very much alive, and that the United States can not tolerate the aggrandizement of a European power on American soil, especially when such aggrandizement takes the form of an attempt to seize the mouths of the Orinoco." Ex-Governor Russell attaches less importance to the tariff issue than Mr. Roosevelt. The chief question, he thinks, is silver, and tion always, and plenty of it, whenever it has the power and courage to carry out its purpose. Already a movement is on foot to couple with Republican protection of manufactures bounties to shipping and to agricultural exports, so as to distribute more widely the taxes Republican policy exacts, and to bind other interests to public support, all at the expense of the whole people. The Democratic Party is at issue with this Republican policy. Discussion and education will go on, until with substantial agreement we get back to the sound principles and policy of the tariff of '57. The Democratic Party will advance slowly in this direction, by urging, not another general revision of the tariff, but specific measures such as for free coal and iron ore, and gradually reducing taxation as time again proves the benefit of such a policy." The foreign policy of the Democracy, according to Mr. Russell, has been strictly in accord with American traditions and sentiments, and the Republican attacks upon it he regards as the "bluster of jingoism," which, he hopes, will fail to "persuade the people that it is wise, safe, or patriotic to plunge our country into the maelstrom of international strife and ambition, and to abandon a course where we have found peace with honor, and have grown to be the most powerful, prosperous, and happy of the nations of the world." RELATIONS BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE with the whole record WAR of its administration, repealing the Sherman law; and with its devoted loyalty to one who for eleven years has been the most conspicuous and valiant champion of honest money and sound finance. "In such position it will be at issue with the Republican Party. Not that that party will advocate the free coinage of silver; that would be standing for some principle, however erroneous, and the Republican Party to-day is a party of compromise and expediency. But, judged by its past, it will trim and evade, to satisfy an aggressive minority deemed necessary for its success. At the critical moment the Republican Party yields to financial heresy in its ranks, and the Democratic Party conquers it. Through such weakness have come the many compromise measures as to paper money, inflation, and silver, which have been a constant menace to the stability of our finances. It led to Republican criticism of Cleveland's first Administration for its unflinching stand for sound money; it was expressed in the Republican national platform of '88, which arraigned the Democratic Party for its hostility to silver, and in the speeches of leaders like Mr. McKinley, who in February, 1891, denounced his opponents for 'dishonoring one of our precious metals, one of our greatest products, discrediting silver and enhancing the price of gold,' making 'money the master, everything else the servant;' it accounts for the present ominous silence of Republican statesmen with Presidential aspirations, while the Democratic Administration and party are pursuing a vigorous and successful campaign of education. The old Republican malady of timidity and compromise has paralyzed Republican speech; its ambitious leaders remain silent, useless, with their weather eye open only for any little favoring breeze which may drift them onward. It is time for them to trim ship and set a course." As to the tariff, Mr. Russell says that the Republicans are totally at sea, and that they can make no political capital out of the present situation, since business is everywhere improving He says: and there is a general desire for rest and peace. "The convention is not at all likely, however, to do anything so specific or dangerous. It will content itself with criticism of free trade, the usual eulogy of protection and the home market, and the usual claim that the Republican Party alone represents American ideas, interests, and patriotism. This raises no very definite issue, except, perhaps, one of truth and good taste. the same time the tendency of the Republican Party is for protec At war scare" "AR with England was thought quite probable only a week or two ago, yet now the question is seriously discussed whether it would not be wise for England and the United States to form a defensive alliance for the purpose of maintaining the Monroe doctrine and promoting the interests of Anglo-Saxon civilization in the far East and elsewhere. The suggestion originated in the British press, and was the result of the “ consequent upon the report of a Russo-Chinese treaty which threatened serious losses to England. The American press is divided on the question, but the dominant feeling seems to be one of distrust and hostility to the "mother country." Little sympathy, however, is being manifested with the attitude of Senator Chandler, who has created a sensation by publishing in his own paper, the Concord Monitor, the following "predictions": "1. War between the United States and England is inevitable. "2. It will arise on account of British disregard of our direct interests. "3. It will also be forced by British encroachment upon other nations all over the world. "4. It will be fought by us, having Russia as a European ally. "5. As a war, offensive on our part, it may not happen within twenty years. As a defensive war it may come sooner, and should be welcomed. "6. One sure result will be the capture and permanent acquisition of Canada by the United States." There have been no developments in the Venezuela difficulty, while the European war-cloud has not yet been wholly dissipated. Russian and British diplomats have denied the reports regarding the Chinese concessions, but the newspapers persist in asserting that there is something behind the rumors. England is found to be in a state of political isolation and unpopularity, and nothing improbable is seen in reports of diplomatic conspiracies against her. We reproduce several interesting editorials commenting on Anglo-American relations: But Blood Thicker than Water.-"The incident [Russo-Chinese report] has had a striking effect on American opinion, or on that expression of it of which the press is the medium. The papers, of course, are not unanimous. They seldom or never are. there have been declarations of sympathy with England in unexpected quarters. Journals which have taken the most sinister views of the designs of England upon Venezuela have suddenly announced that they were with England and against Russia. They perceived that the interests of the United States in the Far |