Leiserson, Avery. 1948. "Coordination of the Federal Budgetary and Appropriations Procedures Under the Legislative Reorganizat en Act of 1946," National Tax Journal, I, pp. 118-26.

Lewis, Wilfred, Jr. 1962. Federal Fiscal Policy in the Postwar Recessions. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

Lindblom, Charles. 1961. Decision-Making In Taxation and Expenditures, Public Finances, Necds, Sources and Utilization. Princeton: National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 295-336.

1959. "The Science of 'Muddling Through'," Public Administration Review, XIX, pp. 79-88.

Marx, Fritz Morstein. 1945. "The Bureau of the Budget: Its Evolution and Present Role, II," The American Political Science Review, XXXIX, pp. 869-98.

McKeon, Richard (ed.). 1941. Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random
House.

Munger, Frank, and Richard F. Fenno, Jr. 1962. National Politics and Federal
Aid to Education. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press.
Nelson, Dalmas H. 1953. "The Omnibus Appropriations Act of 1950," Journal
of Politics, 15, pp. 274-88.

Neustadt, Richard. 1954. "Presidency and Legislation: The Growth of Cen-
tral Clearance," The American Political Science Review, XLVIII, pp. 641-71.
Nourse, Edwin G. 1953. Economics in the Public Service: Administrative
Aspects of the Employment Act. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Phillips, John. 1951. "The Hadacol of the Budget Makers," National Tax
Journal, IV, pp. 255-68.

Saloma, John S. 1965. "The Responsible Use of Power," in Saloma and
Murray L. Weidenbaum, Congress and the Federal Budget. Washington,
D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,
pp. 103-205.

Seligman, Lester. 1956. "Presidential Leadership: The Inner Circle and Institutionalization,” Journal of Politics, XVIII, pp. 410-26.

Simon, Herbert A. 1957. Administrative Behavior, 2nd edition. New York: Macmillan.

Smithies, Arthur. 1955. The Budgetary Process in the United States. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sord, Bernard H., and Glenn A. Welsch. 1958. Business Budgeting: A Survey of Management Planning and Control Practices. New York: Controllership Foundation, Inc.

Stedry, Andrew C. 1960. Budget Control and Cost Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Sundelson, J. Wilner. 1938. Budgetary Methods in National and State Governments. Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon Co.

Waldo, Dwight. 1948. The Administrative State. New York: The Ronald Press. Wallace, Robert Ash. 1959. "Congressional Control of the Budget, Midwest Journal of Political Science, III, pp. 151-67.

Wernham, A. G. 1958. Benedict de Spinoza, The Political Works. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Wildavsky, Aaron. 1964. Politics of the Budgetary Process. Boston: Little Brown and Company.

1965. "Private Markets and Public Arenas," to be published in The American Behavioral Scientist. Willoughby, William Franklin. 1927. The National Budget System. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Wolfinger, Raymond E., and Joan Heifetz. 1965. "Safe Seats, Seniority and Power in Congress,” American Political Science Review, LIX, pp. 337–49.

The purpose of this bibliography is to identify and organize materials on th major budget reforms as they concern congressional organization and

procedure. The two initial sections on "General Studies" are annotated
to guide the reader to more specific proposals. Subsequent sections
are organized by topic headings: legislative budget, spending ceilings,
joint budget committee, omnibus appropriation bill, amendatory
appropriation bill, accrued expenditures, impounded funds, changing the
fiscal year, and adopting separate legislative and fiscal sessions,
Books, journals, private studies, committee hearings, and
committee reports form the basis for this bibliography. Of course
there have been many other budget ideas introduced in the form of
bills or resolutions, or sometimes discussed during Senate and House

debates

-

-

but no attempt has been made to incorporate those ideas here. Furthermore, budget reforms that relate more to matters of executive analysis or budget presentation, such as program budgeting

and the unified budget concept, are beyond the scope of this

bibliography.

CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET REFORM

A Select Bibliography

1. GENERAL STUDIES:

Books

Brown, Vincent J., The Control of the Public Budget (Washington, D. C.:
Public Affairs Press, 1949). History of executive-legislative
struggles over the spending power.
HJ2051.B73

Fisher, Louis, President and Congress: Power and Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1972). Chapter 4 covers evolution of the national budget and executive spending discretion.

JK305.F55

Harris, Joseph P., Congressional Control of Administration (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1964), pp. 114-139. Evaluation of the legislative budget, consolidated appropriation act, item veto, annual accrued expenditure budget, budget staffing, and other reforms. JK1061.H3

Powell, Fred Wilbur, comp., Control of Federal Expenditures: A
Documentary History, 1775-1894 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings
Institution). Materials collected from congressional debates,
Committee reports, Presidential messages, and executive reports.

Smithies, Arthur, The Budgetary Process in the United States (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955). Pages 175-197 offer a number of budget reforms, including a Joint Budget Policy Committee to be drawn from the Committees on Appropriations, Ways and Means, Finance, and Joint Economic. It would provide a fiscal policy framework for the work of the tax and appropriation committees.

HJ2051.S58

Wallace, Robert A., Congressional Control of Federal Spending (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1960). Techniques of congressional control are covered (across-the-board cuts, "painting pretty pictures" by reappropriating funds, etc.). Suggestions for potential improvement emphasize greater staff support for Congress.

HJ2052.W3

Yale

Wilmerding, Lucius, Jr., The Spending Power: A History of the Efforts of Congress to Control Expenditures (New Haven: University Press, 1943). Efforts to exercise greater control over coercive deficiencies, carryover balances, unauthorized commitments, transfer of funds, and other discretionary actions by executive officers. HJ2013.U5W5

II. GENERAL STUDIES:

Articles and Other Documents

Colbs, Marvin, "The Tangled Purse Strings," GAO Review, Winter 1970,
Pp. 11-18.
Discusses a number of budget reforms, expressing
preference for biennial appropriations and a shift to a calendar-
year cycle.

Committee on Economic Development, Control of Federal Government Expenditures (January 1955). Advocates a Joint Budget Policy Conference (as a mechanism for coordinating expenditure decisions with revenue decisions), the granting of item veto power to the President, and several other budget reforms. HJ2051.C6215

Budgeting for National Objectives (January 1966). Recommends, on pages 42-50, such reforms as a joint budget review by the House Appropriations and Ways and Means Committee, a move away from annual authorizations toward three-to-five program authorizations, "full funding" for projects, and abandonment of "coming into agreement" clauses and other forms of congressional infringement on executive authority. HJ2052.C6

, Making Congress More Effective (September 1970). Repeats many of
CED's 1966 recommendations, but calls also for a change from the
fiscal year to a calendar year.
JK1061.C85

Fisher, Louis, "Hiding Billions from Congress," The Nation, Vol. 213, No. 16, pp. 486-490 (November 15, 1971). Focuses on covert financing of "Free World Forces," Cambodian intervention, CIA activities and military assistance, with legislative efforts to retain control. "Presidential Spending Discretion and Congressional Controls," Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Winter 1972). Separate sections on lump-sum appropriations, covert financing, transfers between appropriation accounts, reprogramming, transfers between years, impoundment, and unauthorized commitments.

Galloway, George B., "Reform of the Federal Budget," Public Affairs Bulletin, No. 80, The Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service (April 1950). Proposed reforms include consolidation of appropriation bills, expenditure ceilings, staff expansion, and restrictions to make it difficult for Congress to add to the President's budget.

Hewitt, Francis S., "Senate Appropriation Process," 16 Federal Accountant 129 (Fall 1966-67). Historical survey of efforts by Congress in general, and the Senate in particular, to preserve its "power of the purse."