12. Maintenance, updating and improvement of job skills. Updating and maintenance of skills, improvements and augmentations in the functioning of the labor market, and systems for the development of careers at different times in life. This activity is predicated on a flat overall assumption about possible scale of productive investments (equivalent of one week's wages per year at full implementation) and a rate of return on that investment comparable to the rates estimated in the different "human capital" studies.

13. Specialized training for workers outside the mainstream of labor force. Training and skill development, complementary subsidies in investment or some production operations for those workers who cannot be employed without additional specific costs (e.g., sheltered workshops), and day care for children of working mothers.

14. Private savings, insurance and pension plans. The introduction of practices equivalent to a retirement fund with an assured real purchasing power sufficient to maintain a basic continuity of living standards (defined as 70 percent of past living standards) for 10 million persons.

15. Provisions of old age pensions up to 42 percent of current earnings. Increasing social security levels to guarantee pension recipients an average of 50 percent of the projected living standard of the entire population (which requires an average benefit of 42 percent of average earnings), in an effort to permit retired and other pension recipients to share in the growth of national productivity occurring after the termination of their earnings income.

16. Extension of welfare programs to abolish poverty and nearpoverty. The well-known tax and transfer system, often called a "negative income tax," designed at a level that would abolish poverty and near-poverty, as presently defined, by the end of the 10-year period.

17. Aid to depressed communities. The development of economic and physical infrastructures and of human skills, and the provision of initial operational subsidies in economically depressed regions and communities.

18. Construction and maintenance of houses. Achievement of the national housing goal of decent housing for all Americans with the adjustment of statistical definitions of substandard housing to include availability, the amount of space per person, and the actual quality of the housing itself, plus support for improvements in housing industry.

19. Design and testing of new neighborhood, city and regional environments. Research and development of large-scale habitats (towns and cities), neighborhoods, apartments, and housing developments.

20. Innovations in cars, roads and other transportation system components. Improvement of design and of maintenance system of automobiles, innovations in design and use of streets and highways. construction of subway systems in 15 metropolitan areas, specialized taxi systems, selected high-speed rail passenger service, and better links between modes of transportation.

21. Pollution control. Extensive control of vehicle emission within conventional engine systems, innovations in engine types, control of emission from stationary power sources and from certain industrial

processes, wide-scale tertiary treatment of municipal sewage, control of effluents by industrial plants and of thermal pollution by energy plants, improved disposal of solid waste, and prevention of noise. 22. Basic environmental improvements. Rehabilitation of 50 bodies of water (such as Lake Erie or the Mississippi River); rehabilitation of 50 land areas damaged by strip mining, deforestation and erosion; protection of balances between resource supplies and use; and the introduction of circulating waste disposal systems. (The indicator for this area is still being developed. The only visible effect of this activity in the present matrix is on the number of persons affected by pollution.)

23. Provision of recreation facilities in neighborhoods. Provision of diversified and extensive local facilities for recreation, including such multipurpose facilities as bicycle paths in residential areas.

24. Creation of major parks and facilities. Creation of additional national parks and seashores and counterpart developments at state and municipal levels, especially those using land in heavily populated

areas.

25. Preservation of wilderness and scenery. Preservation of species of life, of cultural or historical landmarks, monuments or larger systems, and of the natural or cultural quality of inhabited environments and wilderness areas.

26. The encouragement of beauty and good design. Beautification and structural improvements in public places, improvement in the quality of design of buildings by placing premiums on esthetic values, the removal of eye-sores, the esthetic enhancement of the designs and quality of articles of everyday use. (Because no indicator of output reflecting the esthetic values was developed, this activity may be omitted in future work.)

27. Increased support for pure science. The encouragement of the growth of science through the education of prospective scientists, capital investment in science, and conveying scientific knowledge to the public.

28. Increased support for the arts. Support for artists and artistic creations, development of institutions for bringing art and people together, improved communication opportunities among the artists, and nurturing of new artistic endeavors.

29. Provision of three weeks additional vacation. An increase in the amount of vacation time per worker of three weeks beyond the level otherwise projected for the end of the period.

30. Retirement at age 60. Prevalence of early retirement. (In future work, this and the preceding activity will be combined into a more general scenario of possible reductions in working time.)

31. Extended use of time-saving innovations. Time-saving innovations in the home through design of equipment, organization of work and time, and technological changes (perhaps including some early applications of computers in the homes), general reductions in "peakload" demands in work, education, travel, and home activities, improvements in marketing and delivery systems, changes in maintenance and general R & D to increase discretion in the use of time.