Kansas adopted prohibition by a constitutional amendment in 1880, and legislation to enforce it passed in 1881.

For several years legislation in aid of the amend ment, without precedent or example to guide, was purely experimental. The amended act of 1887 seems such a near approach to what is wanted that the Legislature of 1889, just adjourned, deemed no material changes advisable. During the eight years of trial the opposition to prohibition has expended its force in the effort to secure the election of members com

mitted to the scheme of resubmitting the whole question to the people, but the effort has proved fruitless except to emphasize the growing power of the oppo

site sentiment.

During the session just adjourned, as I now remember, for the first time since the struggle began in 1881, not a single resolution was offered looking to a resubmission of the question. The law is undoubt edly well enforced.

Deep-Harbor Convention.-In response to a call issued by Gov. Humphrey, a convention of delegates from many of the Western and Southern States assembled at Topeka on Oct. 1, to devise means for securing a deep harbor on the coast of Texas. About six hundred delegates were present, including Gov. Thayer of Nebraska, Gov. Francis of Missouri, seven ex-governors, nine congressmen, and many other people of prominence. Fifteen States and Territories were represented. Senator Plumb, of Kansas, was selected as the permanent chairman. The convention was in session three days, during which the advantages of the proposed harbor were fully set forth. The committee appointed at the Denver convention in 1888 reported that through its efforts an amendment had been added to the appropriation bill passed by Congress early in the year, by which a commission of three expert engineers was appointed to ascertain the most feasible point for a deep harbor. Their report had not then been made public. The committee was continued and a considerable sum was raised to enable it to present to Congress, and secure the passage of a bill authorizing the construction of a harbor at such point as the engineers should favor in their report. The following resolutions were passed by the Convention:

That in reaffirmance of the action of the Denver convention, and of the committees organized thereunder, it is the sense of this convention that it is the duty of Congress to appropriate permanently, and for immediate use, whatever amount is necessary to secure a deep-water port on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Mexico, west of 934° west longitude, capable of admitting the largest vessels, and at which the best and most accessible harbor can be secured and maintained in the shortest possible time and at least cost; the time, place, and cost to be ascertained from the board of engineers appointed under an act of Congress at its last session.

That this convention, in behalf of the people it represents, thanks the Congress of the United States for the prompt and satisfactory action heretofore taken in recognition of the request of the Denver Deep-Harbor Convention.

Decision. Late in the year the question was brought before the State Supreme Court in the Fulker case, so called, whether the sale of intoxicating liquors in the original packages in which they were imported into the State was forbidden by the prohibitory law. The same question was brought before the Iowa Supreme

Court this year and decided against the liquor sellers. The decision in the Fulker case was that "intoxicating liquors transported from anrendered early in January, 1890. It was held other State to a point in Kansas are subject to the laws of Kansas relating to the sale and disposition of such property to the same extent and in like manner as are other intoxicating liquors already rightfully existing in the State, and can not be sold at the place of destination in the original packages, or other form, except as the laws of the State prescribe. The police power of the State so exercised does not infringe on power delegated to Congress to regulate commerce between the States.'

KENTUCKY, a Southern State, admitted to the Union in 1792; area, 40,400 square miles; population, according to the last decennial census (1880), 1,648,690; capital, Frankfort.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Simon B. Buckner, Democrat; Lieutenant Governor, James W. Bryan; Secretary of State, George M. Adams; Auditor, Fayette Hewitt, who resigned Nov. 11 and was succeeded by Insurance Commissioner L. C. Norman by appointment of the Governor; Treasurer, Stephen G. Sharp; Attorney-General, P. W. Hardin; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Joseph D. Pickett; Insurance Commissioner, L. C. Norman, succeeded on Nov. 11 by Henry T. Duncan; Register of the Land Office, Thomas H. Corbett; Railroad Commissioners, J. P. Thompson, A. R. Boone, John D. Young; Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals, William S. Pryor; Associates, William H. Holt, Joseph H. Lewis, Caswell Bennett.

Finances. The following statement shows the gross revenue receipts and expenditures for the biennial period ending June 30, 1889: Balance, June 30, 1887

Receipts for year ending June 30, 1888.

$197,684 88 3,693,784 36 $3,891,469 24

247,128 50 8,889,828 02

The defalcation of Treasurer Tate, in 1888, amounted to $247,128.50. This is distributed among the several funds as follows: General fund, $105,161.06; school fund, $115,677.17; sinking fund, $26,290.27. Proceedings by the Attorney-General, to realize on the funds and property of the defaulting Treasurer, and adjudications by the Special Commission constituted by the Legislature, have resulted in reducing the defalcation by the sum of $73,033.88, leaving a balance of $174,094.62.

The annual tax levy is 4.75 mills, of which 2 mills only are for general State expenses, the remainder being devoted to school purposes.

The State debt, on June 30, 1889, amounted to $674,000, all funded in interest-bearing bonds. Taxation and Valuations.-"The assessment of Sept. 15, 1888, amounted to $498,423,606; equalized value, $501,676,267, being an increase of $112,242,595 under the new revenue law-that is, over the assessment for 1886. Yet this assessment is only $68,519,545 greater than that of 1871; in other words, according to the Assessor, the wealth of the State increased in eighteen years less than $70,000,000, only about 16 per cent. But the population has increased more than 50 per cent., the mileage of railroads has increased more than 300 per cent., banking capital has increased 250 per cent., and mineral resources have been largely developed." Of the entire assessed valuation, about $100,000,000, or one fifth, is credited to Jefferson County, which includes the city of Louisville.

Charities. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, the number of lunatics and idiots supported by the State and the expenditures therefor were as follow:

$1,248,203.10 for 1888 and $1,363,209.10 for 1889. For the year ending June 30, 1890, the per capita expenditure was $2.15, and $1,455.132.90 was apportioned as follows: To 565,451 white children, $1,215,719.65; to 111,315 colored children, $239,413.25. During the fiscal year 1887, of $165,971.84 expended on schools for colored children, only $12,545.65 were contributed by colored tax payers. A proportionate contribution has been paid in subsequent years.

Prisons. At the Frankfort Penitentiary improvements in progress during the year have increased the number of cells to 740, and when the branch Penitentiary is completed there will be 416 additional cells, making together accommodations for 1,158 prisoners. It is estimated that there will be 1,300 prisoners by March 1, 1890, or 142 more than can be accommodated. Considerable difficulty was found during the year in effecting a lease of the prison labor. But one bid was made for the labor of the Frankfort Penitentiary, and the lease effected, which barely relieves the State of the expenses, is much better than the bid that was made. A lease of the branch Penitentiary was also made.

Militia.-The State Guard on Dec. 31, 1886, numbered 1,026 men, and consisted of three regiments of infantry of eight companies each. On Dec. 31, 1888, the number of men was 1,318. No encampment was held in 1888, for lack of funds, but during the summer of 1889 one was held at Grayson Springs and another at Lexington. The amount to the credit of the military fund on Oct. 1, 1887, was $1,155.16, which has been increased by a portion of the sum collected in the Kentucky war claim, and from other sources, making a total of $22,236.66. The expenditures chargeable to the fund from Oct. 1, 1887, to Oct. 1, 1889, amounted to $8,586.99, leaving a balance to the creditof the fund of $13,649.67, to which should be added another appropriation now due, which will give to the military fund a total of $23,649.67.

During the biennial period ending Sept. 30, 1889, two detachments of troops were sent to the mountains-the first detachment of seventy men going to Perry County in November, 1888, to protect the circuit court against disorders

Eversole feud, and the second going to Harlan County, in September, 1889, because of the strife between the Howard and Turner factions.

The disbursements on account of the active militia from Oct. 1, 1887, to Oct. 31, 1889, amounted to $10,310.80.

Railroads.-There were in operation at the close of the year 2,835 miles of railway, an increase of 232 miles during the year. In addition to these completed roads, 100 miles are under construction and will be in operation within the next few months. The gross earnings of the roads operating in the State amounted during the year to $14,400.496, the operating expenses to $8,778,199, and the net earnings to $5,893,177. The assessed valuation amounted to $44,690,903. Taxes were paid, however, on only $34,174.272 valuation, as the residue, amounting to $10,516,631, is at present exempt from taxation by the terms of the charters.

Coal. The following table shows the coal product of the State for the past few years.

For the first six months of 1889 the coal product shows a decrease from the previous six months, being 25,669,403 bushels, or 1,026,776.12 tons from 77 mines.

Immigration. A convention of representatives from all parts of the State met at Louisville on Sept. 24, to organize a movement in aid of immigration to the State, and more especially to set forth the necessity for a State Immigration Bureau. Gov. Buckner called the convention to order and addressed it in favor of such a bureau. The following resolutions were adopted:

Resolved, That this convention of citizens from every part of Kentucky, in common with the commercial clubs throughout the State, do call upon our Representatives and Senators at Frankfort to establish upon a broad and liberal basis, and with ample means to carry on its work, a State Bureau of Information and Immigration, which shall gather, publish, and disseminate exact information concerning the resources, advantages, and needs of every county and town in the State, and in the name of the State encourage the immigration of desirable people from other States and countries.

Resolved, That a committee of citizens from different sections of the State be appointed by the chairman and charged with the duty of securing from the Legislature the passage of a bill establishing such a Bureau of Information and Immigration.

The only action heretofore taken by the Legislature on this subject has been to appropriate $700 annually since 1880, to be expended by the Geological Department for immigration purposes. It is claimed that this small outlay has been of great benefit to the State, especially in the settlement of Laurel, Lincoln, Boyle, and Edmonson Counties.

Harlan County Disorders.-Another of the family feuds, so common in the State, developed into open warfare in September, 1889, and required the presence of a military force for its suppression. The feud of the Howard and Turner factions began some five years ago, when Wilson Howard shot and killed one of the Turners in a quarrel. Since that time the Howards have killed three other Turners, the last murder occurring shortly before the August election. Judge Lewis, the county judge, thereupon applied to the Governor for military aid in capturing the offenders, as the sheriff, being himself a Howard, could not be relied upon. The Governor suggested that the judge first try the expedient of summoning a posse of one hundred men to capture the outlaws. He followed this suggestion, but only nine men responded. They attacked the Howards, but were defeated, three of the party were killed, and the judge narrowly escaped with his life. The Governor thereupon ordered a detachment of State troops to the aid of Judge Lewis, with which, on Oct. 21, he attacked the Howards near Harlan

Court-House. After a short conflict, the Howards were defeated, six of them being killed or seriously wounded, and Wilson Howard, the leader, was obliged to flee from the county.

Political. On May 9 a State convention of the Democratic party met at Louisville to nominate a candidate for Treasurer. The unanimous choice was Stephen G. Sharp, the present incumbent of the office, who was appointed by the Governor in 1888 to fill the vacancy caused by the flight of Treasurer Tate. The following are among the resolutions adopted:

That we approve the calling of a constitutional convention.

That we hail with gratification the continued agricultural and industrial development and progress in all parts of our great Commonwealth, and we heartily ing, bona fide settlers and also capital to locate among favor a policy which will attract industrious law-abidus and to assist in the further material development of the State.

Party organization should be made as thorough as possible and party discipline everywhere enforced. Workingmen should be protected against the oppressions of combinations and monopolies and we favor the passage of such laws as will guarantee to workingmen the most favorable conditions for their labor in the way of proper ventilation and other safeguards for life and health in mines, factories, and railroads and the sure and prompt payment of wages, and also such laws as will facilitate the collection and dissemination of information relating to the interests of labor, and provide for the submission of all questions of dispute between employers and employés under just regulations to impartial arbitration.

The Republican State Convention met at the same place on May 22, and nominated John Z. Barrett. It adopted, among others, the following resolutions:

That we heartily indorse the policy of the present and of foregoing Republican Administrations in justly pensioning those defenders of the Union who became disabled in the discharge of their duty, and the widows and orphans of those who lost their lives in their country's service.

For the following reasons we condemn the management of the Democratic party in Kentucky, continuing throughout their twenty-two years' control of the State government: First, they have unwisely and without necessity sold and given away the public property of the Commonwealth; second, they have squandered the public funds and increased those burdens of taxation which have to be borne by the people; third, they have uniformly failed to provide an adequate system of common-school education for the benefit of the children of the State, whom they have treated with habitual indifference and neglect.

The recent startling defalcation of the State Treasurer emptying the treasury and unprecedented in the history of the Commonwealth, was but the natural consequence of the present long lease of power, loose methods, and reckless neglect of what were the plainest dictates of public duty.

The Republican party of Kentucky indorses the provisions of the educational measure known as the Blair Bill.

We are unqualifiedly in favor of a State convention to amend the existing Constitution of this Commonwealth.

A few days later Mr. Barrett announced that he could not accept the nomination. A second convention was called, which met at Lexington on July 4 and nominated David G. Colson.

The Prohibitionists nominated a candidate named Cobb. At the election, on Aug. 5, Sharp received 147,982 votes; Colson, 114,649; Cobb,

3.351. Members of the State Legislature for 1889-'90 were chosen at the same time as follow: Senators-Republicans, 7; Democrats, 31: Members of the House-Republicans, 14; Democrats, 86. The question whether a convention should be called to revise the State Constitution

LEO XIII, Pope, born in Carpineto, diocese of Anagni, in the former States of the Church, March 2, 1810. His father was Count Louis Pecci; his mother, Anna Prosperi, was the daughter of a noble house at Cori, not far from Carpineto. The Pecci family has been the most considerable in Carpineto since the fifteenth century, when it emigrated thither from Sienna. The names received in baptism by the future pontiff were Joachim Vincent Raphael Aloysius. Owing to the preference of his mother for the second name, he was known by it until he had completed his studies. In 1818 he was sent with his eldest brother, Joseph, now Cardinal Pecci, to the Jesuit college of Viterbo. Some Latin verses that he addressed to one of his preceptors at the age of twelve are published in the collected edition of his poems, and show striking intellectual precocity. After the death of his mother in 1824 he entered the schools of the Roman College, devoted himself with great zeal to the study of natural philosophy, and in 1828 gained the first prizes in chemistry and physics and the first accessit in mathematics. He then began his studies in theology, which he finished in the Academy of Noble Ecclesiastics and in the Roman University, winning the chief honors of his classes, and the doctorate in both branches of law, when he was but twenty-one years of age. Meanwhile, Gregory XVI had been quick to discover the fine intellectual qualities of the young man, and, even before his elevation to the priesthood, appointed him Domestic Prelate and Referendary of the Segnatura on March 16, 1837. On the last day of that year he was ordained priest by Cardinal Prince Odescalchi, and said his first mass in the chapel of St. Stanislaus, in Saint Andrea on the Quirinal.

He was then assigned to the governorship of Benevento, with the title of Apostolic Delegate, where he found the people of that province subject to every kind of exaction and oppression at the hands of officials and nobles. His first step was to go among the peasants and learn their grievances. He then scrutinized the accounts of the officials and nobles, and forced them to meet every precise accusation that the peasantry brought against them. They became alarmed, and made serious charges against the Delegate to the Pope, among others "that he was openly siding with the peasantry and exciting them to disrespect and disaffection toward their superiors; that he was a revolutionary ruler, and if he were permitted to continue in the province, Benevento would be forever lost to the Patrimony of Peter." The impeachment was so framed as to give an unfavorable impression of the Delegate's action to a pontiff holding the political views of Gregory, but the latter refused to interfere. The province

was decided at the same election in the affirmative, by a majority of 31,931 votes. An affirmative vote having been obtained at two successive elections, in 1887, and 1889, it now devolves upon the Legislature to make provision for the election of delegates to the convention.

was infested by brigands, with whom several of the nobles were in collusion. There are many anecdotes illustrating the energy of Pecci's character during this period. The following is well authenticated: A nobleman whom he had under surveillance came to him one day and expressed his resentment at the indignity put upon him, threatening to bring his complaints before the Pope. "Have you given the matter full consideration?" asked the Delegate. "Certainly," said the marquis. "I do not agree with you," said Pecci. "In these matters too much time can not be given to reflection, and you will therefore favor me by remaining here as my prisoner." The Delegate immediately sent a force of soldiers to seize the castle of the marquis, and during the night the twenty-eight brigands who were under his protection were killed or taken prisoners. Before a year elapsed, under Monsignor Pecci's administration, Benevento was freed from brigandage. The gratitude of the poor people was boundless, and once, when the Delegate fell sick of fever, the churches were thronged by crowds praying for his recovery.

He was transferred to Spoleto in 1841, but before he reached that district he received intelligence that he was appointed to the more important post of Governor of Perugia. The difficulties to be met in his new office were the same, to a great extent, as those encountered in Benevento. But he confronted them with the same inflexible justice and honesty, and was equally successful. Such a change did he effect that the prisons, which were crowded at his arrival, were empty before he left Perugia, and out of a popu lation of 20,000 there was not a single criminal. He dealt with dishonest bakers in a characteristic and somewhat Oriental fashion. Having received a hint that their loaves were under weight, he visited them unexpectedly, had their loaves weighed, and sent such as were short to the market-place, to be distributed among the poor.

Having decided to employ Monsignor Pecci in the diplomatic service of the Holy See, Gregory XVI precognized him titular Archbishop of Damietta, in a consistory held on Jan. 27, 1843, and he received episcopal consecration from Cardinal Lambruschini, Secretary of State, on Feb. 19. He was shortly afterward dispatched as nuncio to Belgium, arrived in Brussels on April 12, and on the 15th was received by King Leopold I. Although the learning and ability of the new ambassador were universally recognized, there were many church dignitaries who doubted his success in diplomacy, owing to a certain air of timidity that had marked his intercourse with his associates. Speaking on this subject, Monsignor Fornari, his predecessor as nuncio and formerly one of his professors, said at the time: