tablature of white marble. The north façade of the Forum had a colonnade running its entire length along the road leading through the Triumphal Arch; the road is still deeply scored

FIG. 7.-THEATER AT THAUMEGAS.

with the ruts made by chariot-wheels. Inscriptions, pedestals, and fragments of statuary lie scattered about in its interior; the most important of them have been restored to their places. The theatre (Fig. 7) was cut in the abrupt northern flank of a hill, the opposite side of which sloped gradually to the south. Among the other buildings brought to light are the capitol, with remains of very large columns, several basilicas, and a Byzantine fortress. The ruins are well preserved.

Tonga Islands.-A drawing of a remarkable structure in the island of Colonga, of the Tonga group, has been made on the spot by Mr. Murdock, of the British corvette "Diamond," and is

red sandstone, weighing perhaps five or six tons. It must have come from a considerable distance, for no stones of similar character are found on the island. It is mortised into two pillars of con

glomerate (possibly an eruptive stone), likewise of great weight, one of which, which has been dug around, is planted to a depth of at least twelve feet. No date can be fixed for the erection of the monument. The natives profess to know nothing of its history. ARGENTINE

REPUBLIC, an independent republic of South America. (For area, population, etc., see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1883.)

Government.-The President is Dr. Juarez Celman, whose term of office will expire on Oct. 12, 1892; the Vice-President is Dr. Carlos Pellegrini. The Cabinet is composed of the following ministers: Interior, Dr. N. Q. Costa; Foreign Affairs, Señor Zeballos; Finance, Dr. W. Pacheco; Justice, Dr. F. Posse; War and Navy, Gen. E. Racedo. The Argentine Minister at Washington is Don Viconte G. Quesada; the Consul at New York, Señor Adolfo G. Calvo. The American Minister at Buenos Ayres is Bayless W. Hanna; the Consul, Edward L. Baker. The Argentine Republic appointed three delegates to the American International Congress, viz., Don Roque Peña, Don Manuel Quintana, and the minister above named, Don Viconte G. Quesada.

Army and Navy.- Without counting the 400,000 men constituting the National Guard, the military force at the disposal of the Government consists of the regular army, having a strength of 6,567 men, 3.245 being foot, 2,571 horse, and 751

artillery. The navy consists of 2 armored vessels, 4 cruisers, 4 gun-boats, 7 torpedoboats, 4 steam transports, 3 avisos, 7 other steamers and 6 sailing-vessels; together 38 vessels, mounting jointly 73 guns; registering 16,612 tons, with 13,055 horsepower, and manned by 1,966 sailors.

Railroads.-On Dec. 31, 1887, the number of kilometres in running order was 6,669; a year later it was 7,255, showing an increase of 586 kilometres. In 1887 the amount of capital invested therein was $205,183,298; in 1888 it had risen to $220,746,247, showing an increase of $15,562,949. The number of passengers forwarded in 1887 was 7,969,800; in 1888 it reached 9,671,233. The transportation of merchandise rose from 3,444,560,933 kilogrammes in 1887 to 4,010,285,431 in 1888. The net earnings amounted to $22,290,069, in 1887, and to $26,526,707 in 1888. While the running expenses of the Southern Railroad only absorbed 45 per cent. of the gross earnings, those of the Eastern Railroad took 99 per cent.

Postal and Telegraph Service.-The President, in his message submitted to Congress, on May 12, 1889, remarked: "The dispatch of letters, postal cards, and packages, through the post

The average weight has gradually risen from forty pounds to forty-five.

There were, in 1888, 22,869,385 head of horned cattle, 4,398,283 horses, and 70,458,665 sheep, having a total value of $369,561,607.

Horses.-Buenos Ayres and the surrounding pampas have been for some years past a paradise for horse fanciers and breeders. At his last sale of pedigree horses, Mr. Remmis, who set out from Ireland twenty-five years ago to begin horseculture there, got an average of $4,500 apiece, in gold, the entire sale realizing between $100,000 and $150,000. Carriage-horses, if sizable and fairly well matched, command $5,000 in gold a pair. Some of these South American horses have done well across country in Ireland and England.

Cotton and Wool Manufacture.-Early in 1889 the Provincial Senate of Buenos Ayres passed a bill authorizing the incorporation of a cotton and wool weaving factory, at La Plata, with a capital of $5,000,000, the province guaranteeing interest on the capital for ten years.

Agriculture.—The number of hectares (of 24 acres) under cultivation in 1888 was 2,359,958, distributed as follows among the various products: Indian corn, 832,601; wheat, 824,099; alfalfa, 379,816; barley and oats, 36,659 linseed, 117,237; vines, 26,931; sugar-cane, 21,053, other products, 121,502.

Education.—In 1869 the number of pupils attending school in the republic was 82,671; in 1883 they had increased to 146,325, and in 1887 to 227,450, of which number 142,471 were in the interior provinces, the remainder in the capital, where 27,715 pupils attended the public schools, 12,200 the normal schools, 11,106 private schools, 30,960 private schools in the province of Buenos Ayres, and 2,998 children were taught in the public schools of the national territory. The number of teachers was 6,421. In 1885 there were 2,352 schools all told; in 1886, 2,726; in 1887, 3,028.

Immigration.—The number of immigrants landed in 1888 was 180,993, against 142,786 in 1887. During the first seven months of 1889 157,681 arrived. It was estimated that the total number of immigrants for 1889 might attain the figure of 370.000.

Arbitration.-One of the causes of the trouble between the Argentine Republic and Brazil has been the dispute about the boundary line.

A treaty was signed on Sept. 7, in which it was agreed to settle the question by arbitration. It was further agreed that, in case the two contracting parties should not come to a direct agreement within ninety days from the signing of the treaty, the whole matter should be submitted to the President of the United States, and by him settled.

ARIZONA, a Territory of the United States, organized in 1863; area, 113,020 square miles; population, according to the last decennial census (1880), 40,441; capital, Prescott, until Feb. 4, 1890; thereafter, Phenix. (See article PHENIX, in CITIES, AMERICAN, in this volume).

Government. The following were the Territorial officers during the year: Governor, C. Meyer Zulick, Democrat, succeeded in March by Louis A. Wolfley, Republican; Secretary, James A. Bayard, succeeded by Nathan O. Murphy; Treasurer, C. B. Foster, succeeded by John Y. T. Smith; Auditor, John J. Hawkins, succeeded by Thomas Hughes; Attorney-General, John A. Rush, succeeded by Clark Churchill; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Charles M. Strauss, succeeded by George W. Cheyney; Commissioner of Immigration, Thomas E. Farish, succeeded by John A. Black; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, James H. Wright; Associate Justices, William W. Porter (succeeded by Joseph H. Kibbey) and William H. Barnes.

All the above-named officers, except the Secretary and the judges, are appointed by the Governor, subject to confirmation by the Legislative Council. Appointments made by the Governor when the Legislature is not in session are valid without such confirmation until the next meeting of the Legislature. By virtue of this law, Treasurer Foster, Auditor Hawkins, and other Democratic officials, had already been in office nearly two years under appointment by Gov. Zulick, when the Legislature of 1889 met. The Council, being Republican, refused to confirm them, whereupon the Governor declined to make further nominations until the session of the Legislature had reached the sixty-day limit. He then, on March 22, renominated the former officials. But meanwhile the Republican members of the Legislature had continued both houses in session beyond sixty days, and until President Harrison had appointed a Republican successor to Gov. Zulick. The new Governor recognized the hold-over session, and sent in to the Council several nominations which were confirmed. Among the nominees were John Y. T. Smith, to be Territorial Treasurer, and Thomas Hughes, to be Territorial Auditor. The Democrats claimed that the session had expired, by force of law, on March 21, at the end of sixty days after assembling; that the appointments made by Gov. Zulick on March 22 must stand until confirmed or rejected by the next Legislature in 1891; and that the appointees of Gov. Wolfley had no standing. Accordingly, the Democratic officials refused to surrender their offices to the Republican claimants. Suits were brought by the latter, and the dispute over the Treasurer's office was determined on May 15 by Judge Porter, of the Supreme Court, who rendered a decision in favor of Smith, the Republican contestant, on the ground that, as the Territorial law did not fix the term of office of the Treasurer, it must

be considered to be during the pleasure of the appointing power, and no longer. With regard to the office of Auditor a different question was presented, which the Territorial Supreme Court had not decided late in the year. Meanwhile, a dual government practically existed in the Territory, many of the minor offices being in dispute, including those of commissioner of immigration and directors of public institutions. The Governor would not countersign warrants drawn by the Democratic Auditor, and the Treasurer would not pay warrants drawn by the Republican Auditor, who had not yet obtained possession of the office. The creditors of the Territory can not be paid until the dispute is settled.

Legislative Session.-The Territorial Legislature met at Prescott on Jan. 21. On Jan. 24, as soon as both branches were organized, a bill was introduced providing for the removal of the capital to Phenix, in Maricopa County, the change to take effect on Feb. 4, 1890. This bill passed both Houses on the same day and received the approval of the Governor. The vote of the Council was 9 to 2 in its favor, and in the House 14 to 10. On Jan. 28 both Houses adjourned to meet at Phenix on Feb. 7. One of the most important acts passed after adjournment provides for an election, on Nov 5, of delegates to a constitutional convention, which is directed to meet at Phenix on the first Tuesday of January, 1890. The number of delegates is fixed at fortytwo, to be elected by counties. The constitution adopted by this convention is to be submitted to the people at such time as the convention shall direct. Another act of the session creates the office of county surveyor, and defines its duties. The sinking of artesian wells for irrigation is encouraged by an act authorizing the various county supervisors to offer as a reward any sum, not exceeding $3,000, to any person or persons who shall be first in obtaining by such means a flowing stream of not less than 24,500 gallons of water every twenty-four hours for ten days. The following Sunday law was passed:

SECTION 1. Every person who keeps open on Sunday, within the limits of any incorporated city in the Territory of Arizona, any store, workshop, bar, saloon, banking-house, or any other place of business, for the purpose of transacting any business therein, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not less than $50 and not to exceed $300, or shall be imprisoned in the county jail not less than ten days and not more than sixty days, or shall be subject to both such fine and imprisonment.

SEC. 2. The provisions of the preceding section do not apply to persons who on Sunday keep open hotels, boarding-houses, barber shops, baths, markets, restaurants, livery stables, or retail drug-stores, for the legitimate business of each, or such manufacturing or mining industries as are usually left in continuous operation.

The Territory has of late been the scene of several outrageous train robberies. A stringent law was passed to check this crime, providing that every person "who shall make any assault upon any railroad train, railroad cars, or railroad locomotives, within the Territory, for the purpose and with the intent to commit murder, robbery, or any other felony, upon or against any engineer, conductor, fireman, brakeman, or any officer or employé connected with the said locomotive, train, or cars, or any express messenger or

mail agent on the train, or in any of the cars thereof, or who shall counsel, aid, abet, and assist in the perpetration of the offense or offenses set forth in the preceding section thereof, shall be deemed guilty of felony, and shall suffer the punishment of death."

In order to protect the border counties against paupers coming from Mexico, it was provided that every applicant for public charity shall make an affidavit before a justice of the peace that he is a citizen of the United States. It was also provided that the care of the indigent sick in each county should be let to the lowest bidder. Officers of public institutions who receive and aid persons not indigent are liable to a fine. For the purpose of completing the buildings for the Territorial University at Tucson, and for its maintenance when established, an act was passed providing for the annual levy of a tax of three fourths of a mill, the proceeds of which shall constitute the "University fund." The board of regents of the University are empowered to disburse this fund for the above named objects. A commission was appointed to select a site for a capitol building at Phenix. For grading and for constructing the building, which is not to be begun until after the meeting of the next Legislature. a tax of one eighth of a mill was imposed for the next two years. Other acts of the session are as follow:

To provide against conflagrations in towns and villages.

Providing sanitary regulation in towns and villages. To establish liens for salaries and wages. Providing for the sale of certain real estate belonging to the Territory in Prescott.

Concerning transaction of business on legal holi

days.

To provide for a lien on stock for the charges of pasturing and feeding the same by ranchers. To detach certain lands from the county of Yavapai, and annex the same to the county of Gila.

To amend an act entitled "An act to establish a normal school," providing for a boarding-house in connection therewith.

To encourage the construction of railroads to the Grand Cañon of the Colorado, by exempting them from taxation for six years.

Empowering boards of supervisors of the various make maps of same. counties to survey and define the boundaries and

Amending section 3,002 Revised Statutes, allowing $1,500 salary to Territorial geologist with mileage.

To provide for the reimbursement of certain persons for the payment of live stock sanitary fund tax omitted to be levied and collected in certain counties.

the construction and maintenance of public roads and To repeal act 64, entitled "An act to provide for highways in Maricopa County."

To regulate lawful fences and trespass within the

same.

Punishing with a fine not less than $25 the carrying of concealed weapons. A heavier fine is imposed for carrying such weapons into any public assembly or to a polling place.

Declaring that no person who can not read and write the English language shall be eligible to any Territorial, county, district, or precinct office.

Providing a penalty for close herding any horses, mules, asses, goats, sheep, hogs, or cattle on the land of another, not public land of the United States, without the written consent of the owner.

service whether by election, appointment, or conRequiring that every person employed in the public tract-shall be a citizen of the United States.

Providing a penalty for destroying fences.

According to Federal law, the session should have ended on March 21, the sixtieth day; but at that time the general appropriation bill had not been passed, and the appointments of Democratic Territorial officials, made by Gov. Zulick, had failed of confirmation by the Legislative Council, which consisted of eight Republicans and four Democrats. The Republicans also controlled 13 of the 24 votes in the Lower House; and as the appointment of a Republican Governor by President Harrison was at this time daily expected, they determined to prolong the session, in order that the appointees of the new Governor might be confirmed by the Council and assume their offices. The Democratic members protested that the adjournment was illegal, and thereafter refused to attend the sessions. A bill creating the county of Coconino was passed, but was vetoed by the new Governor. The appropriation bill then passed both branches, the Council confirmed Gov. Wolfley's appointees, and both Houses adjourned without day on April 10. The validity of all acts passed after March 21 is a matter of dispute in the courts.

Finance. The total receipts of the Territorial treasury for the fiscal year 1885-'86 were $206,374.30, and there was a balance in the treasury at the end of the year of $57,200.50. For the year 1887-'88 the receipts increased to $369,426.64. But the expenses had increased so much that at the close of the latter year the balance in the treasury was only $12,883.09, and there were outstanding warrants unpaid to the value of $26,025.57.

Development. The Territorial census of 1882, taken at the height of the mining excitement, showed a population of 82,976, with 11,262 voters. These figures are not deemed reliable by the Governor, who estimates the present population at 60,948, with a registered vote of about 16,000. The number of miles of railroad assessed for 1889 was 1,093, an increase of 40 miles over 1888. The total taxable property for 1889 was valued at $26,575,692. The Territorial debt is $752,000, and the total debt-Territorial, county, and city-$2,902,910. During the past year new entries were filed upon 500,798 acres of the public domain in the Territory. The product of gold and silver for 1888 as given by Wells, Fargo & Co's express company, aggregated $5,123,868. The value of the copper and lead product for the same year is estimated at $2,500,000, of which fully 95 per cent. was copper. There are valuable deposits of coal and iron in the Territory, awaiting the approach of railroads to make their development profitable.

Mormonism.-Gov. Wolfley says, in his annual report," Arizona once had a law disfranchising all who practiced, taught, or encouraged polygamy. The first legislative act signed by my predecessor was a repeal of that law. Politically the Mormons seem to have adopted a plan of sending colonies to surrounding Territories in sufficient numbers to form a balance of power between two political parties. They are willing to trade with either, but remain true only so long as the interests of their Church are best served." The number of Mormons in the Territory is reported by the Governor to be 8,000.

Yavapai County.-This is one of the largest and most prosperous counties of the Territory,

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and contains the city of Prescott. The assessment roll of this county for 1889 shows 853,590-85 acres of land, assessed at $425,901.76. Improvements are valued at $264,134.45; town lots, $212,051.40; improvements on town lots, $374,271. The total railroad mileage is a little over 275 miles, of which 35 miles is assessed to the Central Arizona, at $49,005: 73-3 to the Prescott and Arizona Central, at $300,125; and 167 to the Atlantic and Pacific, at $1,339,694.05. Horses are assessed in the county to the number of 14,111-value, $352,152; mules, 206, at $8,040; asses, 336, at $3,365.50; cattle, 159,773, at $1,344,852; sheep, 102,474, at $154,002.50; swine, 531, at $2,060; goats, 758, at $780.50; patented mines, 147, at $14,700; other property at $669,410.23, making a total of all property of $5,564,545.39.

ARKANSAS, a Southern State, admitted to the Union in 1836; area, 52,198 square miles; population, according to the last decennial census (1880), 802,525; capital, Little Rock.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, James P. Eagle, Democrat; Secretary of State, B. B. Chism; Auditor, W. S. Dunlop; Treasurer, William E. Woodruff; Attorney-General, William E. Atkinson; Superintendent of Public Instruction, Wood E. Thompson; State Land Commissioner, Paul M. Cobbs; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Sterling R. Cockrill; Associate Justices, Burrill B. Battle, M. H. Sandels, chosen by the people on April 2 to fill the unexpired term of William W. Smith, deceased Dec. 18, 1888, Simon P. Hughes, and William E. Hemingway. The two latter were elected on April 2 pursuant to an act of the Legislature creating two additional judgeships.

Finances. On Oct. 1, 1886, the balance in the State treasury to the credit of the general revenue fund was $404,881.25. During the succeeding two years this was increased by receipts from all sources to $1,535,010.94. The expenditures in that time amounted to $756,073.03, leaving a balance in the treasury on Oct. 1, 1888, of $778,937.91. In the common-school fund the balance on Oct. 1, 1886, was $344,411.51, the receipts for two years were $601,460.36, and the expenditures $506,105.63, leaving a balance of $439,766.24 on Oct. 1, 1888. The permanent school-fund balance increased from $175,382.35 to $266,368.38 in the same two years. Among the items of expenditure for the two years were: For expenses of the General Assembly, $92,665.01; salaries of State officers, $25,742.88; salaries of judges of Supreme, circuit, and Pulaski Chancery Courts, $55,454.43; special judges, $6,230; prosecuting attorneys, $3,726; Supreme Court reporter, $2,438.75; rewards for fugitives from justice, $10,000; public printing, $37,903: to refund money erroneously paid into the treasury, $4,855.51; salaries of officers of Arkansas Industrial University, $23,000; dormitory for the same, $17,000; machine-shops for same, $7,000; teams and implements for same, $8,000; labor performed by students, $2,000; dormitory for Branch Normal College, $1,419; Arkansas School for the Blind, salaries and current expenses, $26,071.36; additional buildings for same, $6,000; Deaf-Mute Institute, salaries, current expenses, and repairs, $50,278.36; State Insane Asylum, salaries and current expenses, $105,998.40; purchase of bonds, $133,701; im