Merchant Marine.-There were afloat under the Chilian flag in 1888, 38 steamers, with a joint capacity of 20,000 tons; 89 barks, with 43,000 tons; 8 ships, with 10,000 tons; 11 brigs, with 3,000 tons; and 33 schooners, with 3,000 tons; together 177 vessels of a joint tonnage of 79,000.

CHINA, an empire in eastern Asia. The highest governmental body under the Emperor is the Neiko or Grand Secretariat, consisting of six members, of whom three must be Manchus and three Chinese. Two of the members, one of Chinese and the other of Manchu origin, are called assistants, and have the duty of seeing that the acts of the superior members conform to the laws and precedents. The functions of the Neiko are to proclaim the edicts of the Emperor, to regulate the laws, and, in general, to counsel the Emperor in affairs of state, all in accordance with the statutes of the empire. This body has, in recent times, lost much of its political importance, the actual direction of affairs having devolved upon the Chun-chi-chu or State Council, the members of which are chosen from among the imperial princes, the members of the Neiko, the heads of the ministries, and the chiefs of other administrations. The members of the Neiko are in the closest contact with the Emperor, to whom they submit all papers, and from whom they receive the replies and instructions on which the Imperial edicts are drawn up; yet since they hold other posts that often require them to reside away from the capital, their collective influence is small, and the proper functions of a cabinet devolve more on the modern and less dignified body. The Chun-chi-chu was founded in 1730, and was originally intended to

be a large council, but in recent times there have been only from four to six members. Prince Kung before his disgrace was the dominating spirit, and since then Prince Shun has had the controlling voice. The social law forbidding a father to serve under his son would require him now to retire from all public functions. The Chun-chi-chu, like the Ñeiko, has the right of audience with the sovereign, and to it belongs the office of framing all edicts for the Imperial signature. There are six ministries, each presided over by two chiefs, a Manchu and a Chinese, though, in exceptional cases, a single president of higher rank is placed over a ministry. There is also a ministry for the administration of subject countries. The commanders of the military forces at Pekin are important pub-. lic functionaries. Another body of great dignity is the Board of Censors, one member of which must be present at every meeting of an executive department. The superior members of the Neiko in 1889 were Li-Hung-Chang, Olehopu, En-Cheng, and Yen-Ching-Ming; the assistant members, Fukun and Chang-Chi-Wan. The senior Grand Secretary has always been a Manchu hitherto, and Li Hung Chang is the first Chinese to enjoy that distinction. The members of the Chun-chi-chu were Shito, called the Prince of Li, Olehopu, Chang-Chi-Wan, SunYu-Wen, Hsu-Keng-Shen, and Yen-Ching-Ming. When affairs of high moment are under consideration, the Prince Shun, father of the reigning Emperor, is called into consultation.

The Emperor is an absolute monarch, whose will is checked only by the accepted code of Confucius that lays down the proper conduct for the sovereign as well as for the people, and by the unrestricted and unsparing criticism of the censors, who are constantly presenting memorials in which the acts and projects of the Government are judged and compared with the precedents of the past. The present Emperor is Kwangsu, born in 1871, the ninth ruler of the Tsing dynasty, who succeeded to the throne on the death of his cousin the Emperor Tsung-Chi, who died at the age of eighteen, leaving no heir. The former regents, the Empress Tse-Chi and Tse-Ang, chose as successor to the throne Tsait-ien, the young son of Prince Shun, the Seventh Prince, and proclaimed him Emperor on Jan. 22, 1875, under the name of Kwangsu, although the grandchildren of Prince Tun, the Fifth Prince, and of Prince Kung, the Sixth Prince, had better claims to the succession. There was much dissatisfaction in the court at the time, but this soon passed away. The two Empresses ruled as joint regents till 1881, when the Empress Tse-Ang died. During the remainder of the Emperor's minority the Empress Dowager, widow of the Emperor Hiengfung, acted as sole Regent. On March 4, 1889, the young Emperor assumed the government, the Empress Regent retiring from the direction of state affairs. The Emperor, before taking in his hands the reins of power, married, on Feb. 25, a young woman selected by the Regent, and was given two young sisters as concubines. The retiring Empress Regent, who has practically guided the destinies of China from 1861, when the empire was torn by civil war and humbled by foreign conquest, and has done much to bring about the union and strength that distinguishes

China at the present day, once before resigned ostensibly the control of affairs when her son, the late Emperor Tung-Che, married and entered on his reign; yet, when he dismissed his Prime Minister, Prince Kung, the Regents interposed, and rescinded the imperial decree. The Empress, in order to remove all doubts of her final retirement and of the unquestionable authority of the Emperor after his marriage and assumption of power, has issued a series of proclamations explaining that a female regency was only a last resort to prevent abuses such as took place in previous dynasties, and that constitutional usages can now be reverted to without detriment to the safety and well-being of the empire. When one of the Censors, notwithstanding these plain assurances, proposed that henceforth certain memorials be made out in duplicate, in order that the Empress Dowager might have a copy as well as the Emperor, he received a severe rebuke from the retiring Regent, and was ordered to report himself for punishment to the proper board. In accordance with the privilege enjoyed by all officials of offering suggestions as to measures to be adopted, honors to be conferred, or censures to be passed on other officials, a high functionary named Wu, who had lately succeeded in stopping the breach in the Yellow River, set forth in a memorial his view that high titles of honor should be bestowed on Prince Shun. This proposal was likewise sternly reprobated by the Empress, who gave to the public in the same number of the "Official Gazette" a memorial from Prince Shun, presented when his son was first proclaimed Emperor, but withheld from_publication at the author's request until the Emperor assumed personal control of the Government In this memorial the Prince expresses his desire that no honors should be given to him, and that persons proposing them should be treated with ignominy as dangerous characters, intriguing to curry favor for the sake of their own advancement. The young Emperor, who has received a thorough Chinese classical education, under his father's supervision, and the accustomed physical training in archery and horsemanship, is described as slow and hesitating in speech, phlegmatic in temperament, strong of will, and not easily diverted from opinions that he has formed.

Area and Population.-The total area of the eighteen provinces of China proper is 1,297,999 square miles, and the population, according to the latest official data, is 382,978,840. The dependencies of China are Manchuria, with an area of 362,310 square miles and about 12,000,000 inhabitants; Mongolia, 1,288,000 square miles, with a population of 2,000,000; Tibet, 651,500 square miles, with a population estimated at 6,000,000; Djungaria, 147,950 square miles, with 600,000 inhabitants; and Eastern Turkistan, 431,800 square miles, with 580,000 inhabitants. The number of foreigners residing at the treaty ports in the beginning of 1888 was 7,905, of whom 3,604 were British, 855 American, 651 Japanese, 597 German, 515 French, and 475 Spanish. About one half of the foreigners reside in Shanghai. The Roman Catholic Church counted in 1881 about 1,094,000 members. There were 41 bishops, 664 European priests, and 559 native priests. The number of

Protestant Christians increased from 19,660 in 1881 to 33,750 in 1887.

As

China Proper is divided into eighteen provinces, while Manchuria, from a comparatively recent date, has ranked as the nineteenth, and, as the result of the French war, the island of Formosa has lately been endowed with a separate administration. The provincial administration is as carefully organized as the central. members of the official hierarchy, the rulers of the provinces are subject' to transfer, removal, or disgrace, but the Government is decentralized to such an extent that there is almost no supervision or control over their executive acts. The provinces of Pechili and Szechuen are each administered by a Tsungtuh or Chetai, called in English a viceroy. Other viceroyalties are composed of groups of two or more provinces, LiangKwang, or the two Kwangs (Kwantung and Kwangsi), forming one; Liang-Kiang, or the two Kiangs (Kiangsi and Kiangsu, with Anhwei), another; Min-Cheh (Chekiang and Tuhkien), a third; Yunnan, including Kweichow, a fourth; Houkwang (Hupeh and Hunan), a fifth; and last, Kansuh and Shensi. There are twelve Futais, or governors, in charge of single provinces under the Tungchus, and four Futais, who administer independently the provinces of Shansi, Honan, Shantung, and the island of Formosa. Manchuria was converted into a viceroyalty in the reign of the late Emperor Tungche, but the military administration of the Manchus is still essentially in force.

Civil-Service Examinations. There are 20,000 officials in the various grades of the civil service at Pekin, about one fourth being Manchus and the others Chinese. They are actively employed and subject to close supervision, incurring for the smallest mistake the loss of steps in the order of seniority, affecting their rank and pay. The salaried offices in the provincial administrations do not exceed 2,000, but the yamens are filled with unpaid subordinates and hangers-on who have passed the examinations qualifying them as candidates for Government office, and who, while waiting the chance of an appointment which falls to but few, obtain a livelihood from bribes and blackmail. Although admission to the public service has been surrounded with every conceivable difficulty, such is the desire for rank and office that hundreds devote their lives to the vain pursuit to every one who succeeds in entering the regular service. A preliminary examination is held once a year in every prefecture. Those who are successfuland they are less than 1 per cent. of the applicants-must go through a severer examination before obtaining the degree of, siutsai. This entitles them to come forward at the triennial examination held at every provincial capital for the degree of ku jin, which confers a claim to office that is still only a chance, for the successful candidates are many more than the vacancies. Many men, trying again and again, reach old age before they win the second degree, and many lives are passed in futile studies. About 90,000 candidates present themselves every three years, and an average number of 1,300 are successful. There is opportunity for favoritism and corruption in the examinations, it is said, and certainly in the bestowal of offices on the suc

cessful candidates. Those ku jin who obtain no appointments may compete for the higher degree of tsin sze every three years at Pekin, but if they fall below a certain standard, they lose the degree that they have, and may be forbidden to present themselves again. The highest literary degree is that of hanlin, to be won by a fourth examination, which, if successfully withstood, confers membership in the Imperial Academy, accompanied with a fixed salary. The doctors of the Hanlin Yuen enjoy the highest consideration and respect, but they must not allow their learning to become rusty, otherwise they fail in the periodical examinations, and are dropped from the rolls of the college.

Finances.-The revenues of the Imperial Government are only known by estimates. The ordinary receipts are estimated to amount to 71,900,000 haikwan taels, of which 20,000,000 taels represent the land tax, payable in specie; 2,800,000 taels, the rice tribute; 9,600,000 taels, salt duties; 20,500,000 taels, the maritime customs; 6,000,000 taels, the native customs; 11,000,000 taels, transit duties; and 2,000,000 taels, license taxes. The receipts of the custom-house alone are published. The collection of duties is in charge of an Englishman, who has European and American as well as Chinese assistants. The customs receipts in 1887 amounted to 20,541,399 haikwan taels, of which 4,645,842 taels represent the prepaid likin tax on opium. The Chinese Government since 1874 has raised various loans in the European money markets, amounting altogether to about $25,000,000. The last was a loan of $1,250,000 placed in Germany in February, 1887.

The Army.-The military forces of the Emperor number nearly 1,000,000 men; but, to a large extent, the arms are antiquated, and the troops are untrained in the methods of modern warfare, except two new corps that are of great importance for the defense of China against foreign attacks, viz., Li-Hung-Chang's trained regiments and the garrison of Manchuria. The regular imperial forces are still divided under the system adopted at the time of the Manchu conquest in the middle of the seventeenth century into three separate bodies, composed of the races to which they belong. The Manchus, numbering 678 companies of 100 men, and the Mongols, who furnish 80,000 fighting men, form together what is called the Tartar or Banner army. The Chinese or Green Flag army numbers between 600,000 and 700,000 men; but no attempt has been made to organize this force for modern war. Nor is the esprit de corps strong or elevated, owing to the inferior position occupied by the military in the Chinese community, which prides itself on literary education and civil pursuits. Yet the most efficient corps now existing in China, Li-Hung - Chang's model troops, organized after the European fashion, and instructed and disciplined for twenty years by foreign officers, among whom Germans predominate, is mainly recruited from the Chinese population. This body, known as the Black Flag Army, consists of about 50,000 men, and is intrusted with the special duty of garrisoning Port Arthur, the forts on the Taku and Peiho, and Tientsin, and of defending the capital and the metropolitan province of Pechili from for

eign invasion. It is pronounced by most critics to be a fairly efficient body of troops for the work that it has to perform-that is, for defending fortifications. The garrison of Pekin is composed of the choicest material to be found in the Chinese Empire, the élite of the Manchu and Mongol Banners, men selected for high stature and splendid physique, who are inspired by the martial traditions and pride of their race, and developed athletically by the old military system of hardening and exercise. This force is always under the command of a Manchu of high rank, having stood recently under the personal orders of Prince Shun himself. Its organization, however, is defective and out of date, and little attempt has been made to fit it in armament and training to cope with European troops. Wangchi-chang, a high official who has recently been appointed chief-justice of the Canton province, in a recent memorial, suggested radical changes in the system of military exercises and competitive examinations. Instead of practicing archery and lifting heavy weights, he recommends that the competitors should be required to shoot at a target with a rifle, and that the highest honor should be awarded to the best marksman, who should be appointed to teach rifle practice to the people of his town and neighborhood. in order that all the people should eventually acquire skill in the use of firearms. He proposes that promotion in the army should be made to depend on superior accuracy in rifleshooting. In the same memorial he suggests that the Chinese should be encouraged to build and to own steamships that would be available for the Government in time of war, besides increasing the national wealth; that the Government should purchase machinery for forging iron and manufacturing cannon, in order to be independent of foreign supplies that may be cut off by blockade and neutrality laws; and, as a preventive of war, that machinery for manufacturing cotton cloth on a scale sufficient to supply the whole empire should also be purchased, for having lost their business in cottons foreigners will of their own accord return to their homes. In Manchuria and Central Asia the Government is rapidly developing a large force capable of withstanding an invasion of the western frontiers. A few years ago the garrison of Manchuria consisted of local levies armed with bows and spears. The troops are still drafted from the Tartar tribes, who surpass in bodily vigor and native courage the well-disciplined garrison of the Pechili province. They are being armed and organized in the modern way under instructors from Li-Hung-Chang's army. There are now in Manchuria alone 200,000 Bannermen, and of these one third are armed with Winchester and other rifles, and are trained in garrison duty at Moukden, Kirin, and the posts on the Ussuri river.

2,587,548 taels. The value of the exports to Hong-Kong was 31,393,189 taels; to Great Britain, 16,482,809 taels; to continental Europe, 11,545,406 taels; to the United States, 8,915,920 taels; to Russia in Europe and in Asia, 7,651,353 taels; to Japan, 2,113,137 taels. Hong-Kong is a center for the import trade in opium, salt, cotton goods, and other articles, and for the export trade in tea and silk. About one half of the trade of which this port is the intermediary is with Great Britain, and the rest is divided between India, the United States, Australia, Germany, and minor countries. The imports of cotton goods into China in 1887 were valued at 37,047,931 haikwan taels; opium, 27,926,865 taels; metals, 5,797,367 taels; woolens, 5,424,561 taels. The exports of silk, raw and manufactured, had a total value of 31,690,214 taels; tea, 30,041,100 taels; straw braid, 3,738,310 taels; sugar, 1,869,583 taels; clothing, 1,306,820 taels; paper, 1,216,563 taels; chinaware, 1,113,019 taels. The quantity of tea exported was 2,096,097 piculs, of 133 pounds, of which 793,747 piculs went to Great Britain, 607,376 piculs to Russia, 274,112 piculs to the United States, 172,306 piculs to Hong-Kong, and 147,543 piculs to Australia. The raw silk export has varied in ten years from 51,772 piculs in 1885 to 80,170 piculs in 1880, the average quantity being about 65,000 piculs. The trade in wild silk has sprung up within a few years, the export increasing from 4,289 piculs in 1879 to 13,868 piculs in 1886, and from that to about 73,000 piculs in 1888. The export of silk waste has increased fourfold since 1879, amounting to 59,125 piculs in 1887 and 52,757 piculs in 1888. The export of silk cocoons fluctuates according to conditions of silk culture in southern Europe. It was 4,318 piculs in 1879, 1,324 piculs in 1885, 11,092 piculs in 1887, and 8,981 piculs in 1888. The trade in silk piece goods has risen steadily from 13,808 piculs in 1872 to 23,016 piculs in 1888. The raw cultivated silk is exported from Shanghai and Canton, which in the reverse order are also the sources of the silk manufactures. Wild silk and cocoons are shipped mainly from Newchang, Canton, and Chefoo. The total value of the imports for 1888 is reported by the Maritime Customs Office to amount to $150,000,000, showing an improvement of 12 per cent. over the previous year, exclusive of the junk trade with Hong-Kong and Macao, which forms a part of the total for the first time. The trade of the treaty ports amounted to $125,500,000. The total value of the exports by sea was $112,000,000. Tea and silk account for more than two thirds of the total exports. The ocean tea trade has fallen off, owing to the competition of India and Ceylon, and in part to the growth of the overland exports to Asiatic Russia. The silk exports, on the other hand, have increased 50 per cent. since 1885. There is a growing export of raw cotton and of products destined for the consumption of Chinamen abroad. Cotton goods constitute 35 per cent. of the imports. The increased import of Indian opium accounts for two fifths of the improvement in the total value of imports. The next most important articles are rice, of the value of $11,750,000; metals, $8,500,000; woolens, $6,000,000; fish, $3,150,000; kerosene oil, $2,650,000.

Navigation. The number of vessels entered and cleared at the ports of China in 1887 was 28,381, of 22,199,661 tons. Of these 23,439, of 21.149,526 tons, were steam vessels. Of the total number 15,917, of 14,171,810 tons, were British; 8,298, of 5,670,123 tons, Chinese; 2,749, of 1,480,083 tons, German; 409, of 306,196 tons, Japanese; 255, of 66,539 tons, American; and 121, of 180,890 tons, French. There is a very large coasting trade in which foreign vessels as well as Chinese junks and steamers take part. The steamers belonging to the Chinese Navigation Company also engage in the foreign trade.

Railroads. The introduction of railroads into China has encountered not only superstitious prejudices, but the powerful opposition of the classes engaged in the carrying trades. An experimental railway between Shanghai and Woosung that was opened in 1876 was purchased by the Government in the following year for the purpose of tearing it up. A railway for the conveyance of coal from the mines at Kaiping to the river Petang has been working for some years. It was continued in 1888 to Tientsin by way of Taku, making its total length 85 miles. The whole line was opened for traffic in October, 1888, after being inspected and approved by Li-Hung-Chang, Governor-General of Pechili. An imperial decree was issued ordering its extension from Tientsin to Tungchow, only twelve miles from Pekin; but suddenly, on account of the strong objections of the conservative party at court, the project was dropped altogether for the time. It came under discussion again in 1889. But the Censors declared against the project. The destruction by fire of a very sacred temple, the Tien Tan, or Altar to Heaven, at Pekin, in September, 1889, was attributed to the railroads by their superstitious opponents, some of whom, it is suspected, may have set the building on fire for the purpose of laying the blame on the foreign innovation. On August 27 an imperial decree was issued sanctioning a railroad from Pekin to Hankow. In the edict the Emperor declares his opinion that to make a country powerful railroads are essential. Recognizing that the people will have at first doubts and suspicions, he orders the viceroys Li-Hung-Chang and Chang-Chitung, who are to build the line, and the governors of the provinces of Pechili, Hupeh, and Honan, through which it will pass, to issue proclamations exhorting and commanding the people to throw no impediments in the way, as it is the Emperor's desire that all should work together to make this great work a success. The line will have a length of nearly 800 miles, and is estimated to cost 16,000,000 taels. When LiHung-Chang's favorite project was defeated, owing chiefly, it is supposed, to the machinations of officials who derive illicit profits from the transport of tribute rice between Tientsin and Pekin, the Emperor, induced probably by Prince Shun and the ex-Empress Regent, sent orders to high officials, among them Tseng, Viceroy of Nankin, Chang, Viceroy of Liang Kwang, and the Viceroy of Min-Cheh, to report on the construction of railroads in China. Strengthened in his purpose by their reports, he announced the new policy of railroad construction, and ordered this important trunk-line to Hankow to be built as soon as possible.

Telegraphs. At the close of 1884 the Chinese telegraphs had a length of 3,089 miles, with 5.482 miles of wire. They have since been extended so as to connect all the principal cities near the coast and on the Yangtse-Kiang and carried into the interior to the provinces of Yunnan and Szechuen.

Famine. In the autumn of 1888 and in 1889 Northern China was afflicted by the most widespread and disastrous famine that has occurred in a period of many years. The resources of the Government were already strained by the Yellow-river disaster, which deprived 1,500,000 persons of their livelihood, exclusive of the great number who lost their lives, and caused the expenditure of $12,500,000 in the endeavor to repair the breach. Then came terrible inundations in Manchuria, which covered nearly the whole face of the country from Moukden to the sea and destroyed one of the sources of the food-supply. In the early summer of 1888 the rains on which the rice and wheat crops depend failed throughout a great part of the province of Kiangsu, one of the most densely populated in China, and in the Luchow, Chinchow, Gnanching, Yangchow, Kiangning, Chuchow, and Chinkiang districts in the Yangtse valley, where the people were obliged to kill their draught cattle for food. Upon that came an unprecedented downpour of rain in August, culminating in a deluge, which swept away the millet, bean, and sorghum crops, and in many villages melted out the foundations and brought down the houses. Manchuria was flooded. On Aug. 18 the river burst its banks near Moukden, and swept the fertile plain, carrying down whole villages. Thousands were drowned, and tens of thousands perished from cold and hunger, to which were added later the ravages of typhus fever. The parts of Honan that were still impoverished by the effects of the Yellow-river inundation of 1887 were again submerged. This river now overflowed also the prefectures of Fungyang, Yungchow, and Shuchow in the province of Anhui. The southern part of the great province of Shantung suffered even more severely, and a portion of Pechili was swept by floods.

In Shantung the people throughout a district covering 6,000 square miles, containing 1,500,000 inhabitants, were reduced to eating wild herbs and chaff and fresh blades of wheat in the autumn, and to selling their clothes and other belongings for a tenth of their value. About 2.000 persons left the stricken district daily, thronging the roads in all directions. In many valleys the mulberry trees were torn up by the roots and the soil was buried under a thick covering of sand and stones. The local authorities remitted taxes. Missionaries and wealthy Chinamen began to distribute relief in November and December. In Honan and the adjacent districts the energetic efforts of the Chinese Government to avert distress in 1888 were continued, and were extended to other places that were brought under the observation of the central authorities. The tribute grain was stopped on its way to Pekin, and employed to relieve the sufferers. Large contributions were raised in London, and China merchants in New York added to the fund, which was expended through the instrumentality of missionary committees

and the Government authorities. The Chinese at home and those settled in all parts of the world gave liberal amounts. The sufferers numbered as many as 10,000,000 people. The worst of the distress and hunger ceased when the early crop of wheat was harvested about the first of June. In August, 1889, the Yellow river again broke its banks, submerging a large part of the province of Shantung. The recent floods have called the attention of the authorities to the subject of arboriculture. China has long been denuded of her forests, and in many parts is almost treeless except for the pines and cedars growing in the cemeteries. Li-Hung-Chang has been the first to move in the matter of reafforestation, issuing a proclamation requiring officials to plant trees in public places and urging the people to do so on private lands.

CITIES, AMERICAN, RECENT GROWTH OF. Brunswick, a city of Glynn County, Ga., on a small peninsula in the southern part of the State. Brunswick was founded by James Oglethorpe a century and a quarter ago, but had no commercial importance prior to 1871. Its growth has been mainly within the past four years, in which its population has nearly doubled, and the investment of Northern capital has led to important results. In 1880 it contained 2,900 inhabitants; in 1884, 5,000; in 1889, 10,000. It is surrounded on three sides by salt water, and protected from the ocean by out-lying islands, the largest of which is St. Simon's. Its harbor, with over thirty miles of water-front, is land-locked, and as early as 1837 attracted attention as a desirable location for a United States navy-yard. It was reported on by Commodores Claxton, Woolsey, and Shubrick as the best deep-water harbor for the purpose on the South Atlantic coast, and 1,100 acres on Blythe Island were purchased, under authority of an act of Congress, in 1857, at a cost of $130,000. The appropriation for improving the harbor for 1889 was $35,000, of which $18,000 was expended in dredging and $12,000 in jetty-works. The depth above the bar at high water is 22 feet clear, and the anchorage safe; and as fresh water is sixteen miles distant, unusually healthful conditions prevail. Port charges are low, and railroads deliver cotton direct to ships. The position of Brunswick, at the inward curve of the Atlantic shore, places the port nearer to inland centers than any other point on the coast. It is 500 miles in an air-line nearer San Francisco than is New York, and, in comparison with Savannah, is nearer Montgomery by 77 miles; 135 miles nearer Albany, Ga., by one railroad, and 85 by another, and 24 miles nearer Atlanta. Brunswick has $197,000 invested in shipping. During the year ending Nov. 1, 1888, 312 vessels entered the port (total tonnage, 151,182), of which 117 were from foreign ports; and in the same period 292 were cleared (tonnage, 141,652), half of which were for foreign and half for domestic ports. In 1879 the city owned but a few pilot boats. There is a line of steamers to New York, and one to Savannah. In 1875 the total exports were about $639,000. In 1888 they reached $8,000,000. The chief export has always been lumber, from vast and easily accessible forests of yellow pine and hard woods. In 1888 there were shipped to foreign and coast-wise ports 88,273,847 feet. There has