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19
CONTENTS
PART I.
SUMMARY REVIEW.
Difference between the old and the new immigration quantitative,
not qualitative.
Immigration and emigration regulated by demand for labor.
The myth of imported immigrants.
Unemployment the result of industrial maladjustment
Unemployment varies inversely with immigration
Limited demand for immigrant labor in agriculture
Effect of immigration not racial displacement, but evolution of
an English-speaking aristocracy of labor
Causes of the decrease of emigration from Northern and Western
Europe.
Race suicide unrelated to immigration
Economic reason for the predominance of unskilled laborers among
the immigrants.
The standard of living of the recent immigrant not inferior to that
of his predecessors
Higher standard of living of the American workman maintained
with the aid of his children's wages
Native workmen and older immigrants not underbid by recent
immigrants
22
233
Employment of immigrants in large numbers going together with
advances in wages
24
Reduction of child labor in States with a large immigrant popu-
Immigration and trade-unionism. Union membership rising and
Immigration not the cause of the labor problem
Restriction of immigration no relief for unemployment
Effects of slow industrial expansion
Futility of the literacy test
PART II.
TOPICAL ANALYSIS.
CHAPTER I.
STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION.
Objections to immigration
Old and new immigration
What is "undesirable" immigration
The problem of assimilation
Restriction of competition demanded by organized labor
Cosmopolitanism and the theory of "seclusion and isolation"
CHAPTER II.
THE REPORT OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Conclusions of the Commission: Immigration-an economic
problem
Defects of the Report:
Absence of a historical view
Lack of statistical evidence to support its conclusions
Race distinction the dominant idea of the investigation
Deceptive statistical generalizations.
CHAPTER III.
OLD AND NEW IMMIGRATION.
The immigrant of bygone days as popularly pictured
The bulk of immigrants a century ago indentured servants
Destitution of the free immigrants before the era of the "new
immigration"
61
62
63
Congestion in the settlements of past generations of immi-
grants in New York City
65
Aversion of the early Irish immigrants to employment in
farming
67
PAGE
Majority of the old immigration unskilled laborers
Percentage of skilled mechanics about the same for the last
The average immigrant intellectually above the average of his
countrymen at home
70
Social prejudice against immigrants in the past
The "bird of passage"
73
74
75
78
80
Opposition of organized labor antedates the "new immigration'
Note: The Statistics of Italian Illiteracy.
CHAPTER IV.
IMMIGRATION AND THE LABOR MARKET.
Demand for labor increasing faster than population .
Immigration follows business conditions.
82
86
Relative and absolute decrease of the rural population
Migration of Americans of native stock to the city
103
104
Comparative demand for labor in agriculture and industry
Differentiation of manufacturing from farming
A. The Causes of Unemployment.
Unemployment not the result of over-population
Differentiation of manufacturing from farming leads to un-
B. Unemployment and Immigration.
Native and foreign-born workmen equally affected by un-
employment
Unemployment is in inverse ratio to the relative number of
foreign-born
Annual variations of the relative number unemployed
Annual variations of the number of working days
Immigration not a contributory cause of unemployment
Remedies against unemployment
CHAPTER VII.
RACIAL STRATIFICATION.
125
128
137
140
145
146
Migratory character of the population of the United States
Industrial growth of the country west of the Atlantic Seaboard
States
148
150
Adjustment of native and foreign elements on the scale of
occupations
Actual displacement of American wage-earners by immigrants a
rare exception
151
Extraordinary expansion of the iron and steel industry. Native
Americans employed in increased numbers since immigration
from Southern and Eastern Europe has become conspicuous. 158
Economic opportunity for the advancement of English-speaking
wage-earners created by immigration
"Racial displacement" a negligible quantity
CHAPTER VIII.
161
EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE.
A. Introductory: Emigration from Northern and Western
Europe cannot keep pace with the demand for immigrant
labor in the United States
B. Germany.
177
Excess of immigration to, over emigration from Germany
Sources of immigration to Germany: Southern and Eastern