Immigration and Labor

358

Increase of immigration coincident with decrease of crime. 360

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Earnings of recent immigrant women higher than those of native

Americans

Competition of farm-house labor in the middle of the nineteenth

century.

Expansion of the clothing industry the result of immigration.

Introduction of the factory system followed by increase of wages.

Rates of wages not influenced by racial factors

Real wages of sewing women of past generations lower than

to-day. Long hours in the past

American garment workers in the country accepting a lower rate of

370

wages than Jewish city workers

Organization among clothing workers more effective than among

other industrial workers in the United States

Wages in 1875-1908: intermittent advances and reductions prior

to the "new immigration"; upward movement since.

Effect of immigration on organization of labor.

No competition between union labor and unorganized immigrants.

In labor contests immigrants have supported the unions. 377

Competition of the Southern mills: Cheap white labor of the

South keeping down the wages of immigrants in the North. 381

CHAPTER XIX.

THE WOOLEN MILLS.

The Lawrence strike and public opinion.

384

Native Americans left the woolen mills before 1880,-not forced

out by recent immigrants.

Americans of native stock coming back to the mills since the

PAGE

385

arrival of the new immigrants.

386

Recent expansion of the woolen industry.

387

Wages stationary prior to the new immigration, increasing since.

Wages of unskilled laborers increased at a higher rate than

those of skilled operatives

388

Tales of induced immigration unconfirmed

390

Strike record of English-speaking operatives exceeded by recent

immigrants

392

New immigrants not working for less pay than natives or older

immigrants

CHAPTER XX.

THE IRON AND STEEL WORKERS.

The "princes of labor" and the "white coolies."

No "crowding out" of English-speaking workmen by immigrants.

Highly paid men a small fraction of the force in the past, as in

the present

Wages of unskilled laborers rising

Technical revolution in the iron and steel industry

Retention of skilled men conditioned upon the employment of in-

creasing numbers of unskilled laborers

394

395

397

Wages in the iron and steel industry vary directly as the ratio of

recent immigrants

Sunday work and long hours the general rule long before the period

of the "new immigration." Demand of employers for an

eight-hour day in the 80's resisted by organized skilled iron

and steel workers. Piece-workers firm for a twelve-hour day. 409

The Amalgamated Association a union of skilled workers only.
Common laborers barred from membership

Decline of the organization due to substitution of machinery for

skill

Attempt of recent immigrants to organize along industrial lines. 413

CHAPTER XXI.

THE COAL MINERS.

The "racial displacement" theory of the Immigration Com-

mission .

Opening of new mining fields the real cause of the westward move-

ment of coal miners.

422

424

Other avenues opened by the general expansion of industry
Caste prejudice against the immigrant the outgrowth of occupa-
tional stratification.

Displacement of the pick-miner by the mining machine: employ-

ment of unskilled immigrants the effect, not the cause, of the

introduction of mining machines

Fluctuations in the demand for coal

Part-time employment in lieu of unemployment

The migratory worker the product, not the cause, of irregularity

of employment

Average number of days per man has increased with recent immi-

The company house and the company store as old as the coal-
mining industry

History of the miners' unions in the bituminous coal fields.
Biennial conferences between the mine operators and the United
Mine Workers in the bituminous coal fields

Competition of unorganized Americans of native stock

Southern and Eastern European immigrants affiliated with miners'

organizations since the early 80's; have joined in every strike. 449

Violence in strikes not a special characteristic of the recent immi-
grants.

Failure of the organization in West Virginia and the Southern
fields not due to immigration .

The language question solved in practice.

Recognition of the union by the Steel Trust

Miners' unions in the anthracite fields short-lived prior to 1897. 454

Capacity of Slavs for compact organization

The strike of 1902: significance of the award of the Anthracite

Coal Strike Commission .

CHAPTER XXII.

WORK ACCIDENTS.

Work accidents attributed to recent immigration. An adaptation
of the common-law theory of liability for accidents

Competition among coal operators the primary cause of waste of

life in coal mines

Majority of accidents preventable by mining legislation and
efficient inspection of coal mines

Misleading comparisons between English-speaking and non-

English-speaking employees

458

462

accidents

Speeding the cause of "carelessness" in the steel mills
"Assumption of risk" by the new immigrants

Decrease of the accident rate in anthracite coal mines
Increase of the fatal accident rate in bituminous mines explained

by their gradual exhaustion

"Negligence" of the miners,-psychological effect of mine

PAGE

478

480

Accident rates in coal mines and on railroads compared

Statistics of strikes against dangerous working conditions in the

United States

483

486

Novel experiment by immigrants from Southern and Eastern

Europe: the Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the cloak

PROBABLE EFFECTS OF RESTRICTION OF IMMIGRATION.

Plan to improve the condition of labor by checking the develop-

ment of industry

489

Exclusion of unskilled immigrants bound to cause a relative over-

supply of skilled labor

489

Unemployment cannot be reduced by restriction of immigration.

Scarcity of labor not necessarily followed by scarcity wages:

490

agricultural labor as an illustration

491

Labor-saving machinery as a substitute for immigration

Farmers and agricultural laborers as a labor reserve .

Extension of child labor as a possibility

492

Further depopulation of rural districts must increase the cost of

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Immigration and Labor: The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the ...