Labor Organizations-Continued
States, 334; Ephemeral: previous
to 1880, 330; Garment workers:
Jewish and Italian, union affilia-
tions above the average for the
country, 326; Growth: since
1890, 333; Immigrants: discrimi-
nation against, 347; Immigra-
tion: effects of, on 1. o., 376, 377;
Machinery: effect upon craft
unions, 351; Membership: na-
tivity, 524; and immigration,
New York State, 524; in
the State of New York, and
immigration to the State of
New York, 1897-1910, 336;
foreign-born predominating in
the '80's, 330, 331; proportion
of industrial wage-earners or-
ganized, 340, 525; race not a
factor, 327; rising and falling
with rise and fall of immigra-
tion, 30; Native Americans:
aloofness from, 339; New York
City: stronger than in the
remainder of the State, 341, 343;
New York State, stronger than in
Kansas, 337, 339; Progress:
greater progress coincident with
the great tide of immigration,
333; Proportion: organized, na-
tives and immigrants, 327, 328;
Recent immigrants: home train-
ing in organization, 32, 349;
organizing along industrial lines,
413; as strongly organized as
natives and older immigrants,
327; Skilled: interests of, conflict
with those of the unskilled, 348;
Unskilled: not eligible to mem-
bership in craft unions, 346:
organization among the, 32, 349
LABOR PROBLEM, immigration not
the cause of, 34

LABOR UNIONS, (See: Labor Or-
ganizations)
LABORERS, (See: Unskilled Lab-
orers)

LAUCK, W. JETT, 49, 384, 388,
(See also: Jenks and Lauck)
LAWRENCE, MASSACHUSETTS, 33,
348, 384-393, (See also: Strikes;
Wages; Woolen and Worsted
Mills; Worsted Mills) strike of
1912, 348; and public opinion,
384

LITERACY TEST, 38; futility of, 498
LITHUANIANS, 32, 55, 56, 57, 75,

228, 253, 328, 351, 368, 370,
442, 456

LODGERS, (See: Boarders and
Lodgers)

LIVING EXPENSES, (See: Family
Budgets)

M

MACHINE MINING, (See also: Min-
ing Machine); Bituminous coal:
per cent of, machine mined, and
per cent ratio of miners from
Southern and Eastern Europe,
by States, 527; Economies: of,
426, 427

MACHINERY, (See also: Agricul-
ture; Agricultural Laborers;
Iron and Steel Workers); Effects:
in general, 23; upon
craft
unions, 351; Immigration: New,
and, 289; substitute for, 492;
Rate of wages: introduction de-
termined by, 290

MAGYARS, 162, 257, 442, 443, 449,
450, 458 (See also: Hungary)
MANUFACTURES, wage-earners,

1879-1909, 151
MARX, KARL, 125, 291
MASSACHUSETTS, 27, 138, 139,

174-176, 224, 225, 243, 244, 295,
300, 301, 311, 313, 314, 319, 321,
333, 334, 343, 344, 375, 378-380,
382, 383, 392, 506, 507, 512, 513,
523; Hours of labor: 1872-1903,
313; Immigrant breadwinners:
destined for, 1897-1908, 139;
Racial stratification: 1900-1905,
173; Strikes: 1830-1905, 344;
Textile mills: percentage of im-
migrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe employed in,
1880-1900, 379; Unemployment:
of factory workers, and immi-
gration 139; Wages and cost of
living: 1800, 1830, and 1860,
295, 296, 521; in the '70's, 295;
Woolen mills: comparative sta-
tistics of strikes in, 392
MAYO-SMITH, RICHMOND, 46, 69,
89, 292

MIGRATORY WORKERS, created by
irregularity of employment, 435

MINERS, (See also: Fatal Acci-
dents: Labor Organizations;
Unemployment); Native white:
decrease of the number of, by
States, 1890-1900, 158; Racial
displacement: of natives by
immigrants, none, 156, 157
MINING MACHINE, Pick miner:
displaced by the, 425; Substitute
for immigration: 425; Unskilled
immigrants: employment of, the
effect not the cause of the
introduction of the m. m., 425
MITCHELL, JOHN, 41, 46
MONEY SENT ABROAD, by immi-
grants, 269; mercantilist objec-
tion to, 271

N

NATIONALITIES, principal, of male
breadwinners classified by occu-
pation groups, 1900, 171
NATIVE-BORN, decrease of, by
occupations, 1890-1900, 152
NATIVE BREADWINNERS, decrease
of, by occupations in Mass.,
1900-1905, 175
NATIVE WHITE, of native parent-
age, males, decrease in selected
Occupations, compared with loss
by death, 1890-1900, 153
NEARING, SCOTT, 293, 302
NEW IMMIGRATION, compared with
the Old, 61-81

NEW YORK CITY, 7, 20, 25, 28, 32,

63, 66, 67, 119, 120, 121, 149,
229-241, 260, 316, 317, 326, 335,
337, 340-343, 354-357, 363, 365,
367, 369, 486, 487, (See also:
Family Budgets; Congestion);
Cellar population: of the '40's,
230; Congestion: in the Irish
and German settlements of the
past, 65; Hours of labor: reduc-
tion of, compared with the
remainder of the State, 316, 317;
Labor organizations: affiliation
of Jewish and Italian clothing
workers with, above the average
for the country, 326; member-
ship of, compared with New
York State, 341, 343; Pauper-
ism: lodgers at the municipal
lodging houses, by nativity,
1908, 355; Paupers: nativity,

1854-1860, and 1885-1895, 356;
by nativity and cause, 356, 357
NEW YORK STATE, 27, 31, 140,
143, 144, 146, 300, 301, 315-317,
319,321, 335-343, 360, 383, 487,
506, 507, 512, 526, 527; Hours of
labor: compared with New York
City, 317; Membership of labor
organizations: compared with
Kansas, 339; compared with
New York City, 342, 343; per-
centage of wage-earners organ-
ized, 1900-1909, 525; rising and
falling with immigration, 335,

PAUPERS, English and Irish: 1837-
1845, 356; New York City:
nativity of p., in the past, 356
357

PEARSON, KARL, 226

PENNSYLVANIA, 6, 9, II, 33, 100,

119, 134, 135, 140, 141, 151, 249,
300, 301, 319, 321, 343, 344, 371,
372, 383, 414, 415, 419–422,
428-431, 437, 439, 442, 445, 446,
449,454-456,461, 462, 466, 471-
473, 480, 481, 506, 507, 510-512,
529-531; (See also: Coal Mines,
Bituminous; Coal Mines, An-
thracite); Bituminous coal mines:
days worked, and number of
immigrant miners and laborers,
141; Strikes: 1835-1905, 344
PHILADELPHIA, 25, 363, 372
PITTSBURGH, 24,306,394,401-410,
439, 454, 460, 484

PITTSBURGH SURVEY, 164, 306,
395, 399-402, 406, 411-413, 454,
460

PLUNKETT, HORACE, 218
POLAND, 56, 100, 181, 182, 190
POLES, 14, 16, 32, 54, 57, 59,
60, 75, 99, 162, 170, 171, 172,
181, 182, 190, 228, 238, 251, 253,
269, 328, 368, 369, 370, 378, 380,
385, 386, 442, 456, 471; English-
speaking, by years in the U. S.,
78

PRATT, EDWARD EWING, 235-239,
276, 341

PREJUDICE, against immigrants in
the past, 73

Q

QUAINTANCE, H. W., 103, 109, 110
QUALITY OF IMMIGRATION, (See
Immigration)

R

RACE CLASSIFICATION, fallacy of
the, adopted by the Immigra-
tion Commission, 250
RACE DISTINCTION, dominant idea
of the investigation of the
Immigration Commission, 55
RACE PREJUDICE, motive of oppo-

sition to recent immigrants, 457
RACE SUICIDE, 221-227; Birth rate:
decline of, among the English

aristocracy, 226; decline of,
begins in 1810-1830, 223; native,
decreasing with rural popula-
tion, 224; raising of the standard
of living not necessarily fol-
lowed by an increase in, 227;
Walker's theory of the decline
in the native, 221; Immigration:
unrelated to, 18; Universal:
among social classes not affected
by immigrant competition, 226;
Watson's forecast: of the popula-
tion of the U. S., 222, 223;
World-wide: 224

RACIAL DISPLACEMENT: (See also:
Racial Stratification); Laborers:
none, of native, by immigrants,
156, 157; Miners: none, of
native, by immigrants, 156, 157;
Native Americans: employed in
increased numbers with increas-
ing immigration from Southern
and Eastern Europe, 158, 160;
Negligible: 151, 152, 176
RACIAL STRATIFICATION, 148-176,
150, 151; Massachusetts: 1900-
1905, 173; Occupations: read-
justment on the scale of, 170;
Shifting: of English and Welsh,
Irish and Germans, from lower
paid to more remunerative
occupations, 165
RAILROAD EMPLOYEES, wages of
1891-1909, 304

REAL WAGES, (See: Wages)
RENT, of native American wage-
earners in small towns lower
than that of immigrant workers
in large cities, 255, (See also:
Family Budgets)

RIPLEY, WILLIAM Z., 224
ROBERTS, PETter, 259, 444, 445,
455, 456, 481

ROLLING MILLS, (See also: Iron
and Steel Industry, Iron and
Steel Workers), Laborers:
wages of, 1884-1902, 398; Rates
of wages: classification of em-
ployees by, 1884, 396
Ross, EDWARD A., 140
RURAL DEPOPULATION, 103-104;
migration of native American
stock to city, 104; relative and
absolute, 103

RURAL TERRITORY, decrease of the
population of, 1900-1910, 104

RUSSIA, 32, 69, 71, 181, 349-351;

strikes in, 349
RUSSIANS, 32, 71, 75, 190, 228,
238, 255, 260, 262, 263, 264, 267,
268, 351, 354, 355, 357, 369, 370,
385, 386, 388, (See also: Jews)

S

SABATH, A. J., 347
SAVINGS, Of immigrants: disposi-
tion of, does not affect American
wage-earners, 271; investments
in their home countries, 270;
Of wage-earners: small margin
of income left for, 267
SCANDINAVIANS, I, 16, 178, 196-
201, 355, 386, 520; (See also:
Danes, Norwegians, Swedes);
Competing with new immigrants:
200, 201; Immigration to the
United States: of breadwinners
highest in 1901-1910, 196;
1881-1910, 196; course of, turned
eastward, 198, 199; Increase: of,
in the U. S., by geographic
division, 1880-1910, 197, 199;
In the United States: compared
with Southern and Eastern
Europeans by States, 1880, 1890,
1900, and 1910, 518; Occupa-
tions: 1881-1910, 201; Recent
immigrants: mostly not of the
family type, 198

SCOTCH, 12, 52, 75, 161, 171, 172,
252, 253, 264, 355, 356, 414, 415,
442, 447, 517, 518; immigration
not decreased, 173
SCOTLAND, (See: United Kingdom)
SIMONS, A. M., 62, 63, 115
SLAVS, Food: standards of, com-
pared with United States navy
rations, 257; Organization: ca-
pacity for, 455, 456; Wages: of
unskilled laborers increased,
453, 454

SOUTH ITALIANS, 75, 247, 249,
251, (See also: Italians); Food
expenditures: compared with
Americans generally, 258; with
native white workers in the
South, 258
STANDARD OF LIVING, 228-273,
(See also: Boarders and Lodgers;
Congestion; Family Budgets);
Children's earnings: source of

higher s. o. 1., maintained by
Americans and Americanized
families, 22, 285; Old immigra-
tion: standard low, 64; Race
standard: existence of, not
proved, 264; Recent immigrants:
standard of, not inferior to that
of their predecessors, 19
STEAMSHIP AGENTS, effect of so-
licitation by, negligible, 97
STEEL MILLS, (See: Iron and Steel
Workers; Rolling Mills)
STEEL WORKERS, fatal accidents,
speeding the cause of, 481, (See
also: Iron and Steel Workers;
Rolling Mills)

STEERAGE RATES, effect of recent
increase upon quality of im-
migration, 69
STRATIFICATION,

OCCUPATIONAL,
caste prejudice against the
immigrant, the outgrowth of,
424

STREIGHTOFF, F. N., 246, 248, 255,
276, 294

STRIKE BREAKERS, native Ameri-
cans as, 345; recent immi-
grants as, 346
STRIKES, (See also: Clothing In-
dustry; Cotton Mills; Strike
Breakers; Woolen Mills); An-
thracite coal mines: 1902, 456;
Coal mines: Southern and East-
ern Europeans identified with
every strike in, 447, 448;
Immigrants: have stood by the
unions, 378; Immigration: and,
1886-1905, 345; increasing with,
344; Lawrence, Massachusetts:
392; Massachusetts: 1830-1905,
344; More numerous: since 1881,
343, 344; Pennsylvania: 1835-
1905, 344; Russia: 349; Woolen
ahd worsted mills: comparative
statistics of s. in, 392
SUMNER, HELEN L., 115, 120, 230,
241,363, 364, 365, (See also: Wo-
men in Industry)
SUNDAY WORK, (See: Iron and
Steel Workers)

SWEATSHOPS, Irish, in the '50's
364; older than immigration,
362
SWEDEN, 16, 179, 205-209, (See
also: Northern and Western
Europe); Emigration: from cities

Congestion; Home Ownership;
Housing Conditions); One-family
residence: made over into, 229;
Past and present: in Boston, 241;
Unsanitary conditions: in the
old Irish and German colonies
of New York City, 232
TEXTILE MILLS, percentage of
immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe employed,
1880-1900, 379
TRACTABILITY, of old and new
immigrants, 346

TRADE-UNIONS, (See also: Labor
Organizations); mostly confined
to skilled occupations, 346, 377
TWELVE-HOUR, DAY, (See: Iron
and Steel Workers)

U

UNDESIRABLE IMMIGRATION, defi-
nition of, 41
UNEMPLOYMENT, 114-147; Aus-
tralia: 145: Bituminous coal
miners: 132; collated with
variation of the percentage of
foreign-born miners, 134; Causes:
4, 114-125; Coal mines: part
time employment in lieu of u.,
434; Cotton mills: 132; Cyclical
variations: 1888-1908, in Mas-
sachusetts, 138; Factory workers:
u. among, and immigration,
Massachusetts, 139; Foreign-
born: variation of the percentage
of, collated with u., by areas,
130, 131; by geographical divi-
sions, 128; in inverse ratio to u.,

129; Immigration: and u., 125-
147, 432, 433, 434; not a con-
tributory cause of, 145; varies
inversely with, 5; Labor reserve:
124, 125; Manufactures: aver-
age number of male wage-
earners employed, by months,
118; variations by States, 129;
Measure: of, 121, 122; Monthly
variations: in the State of New
York, 1902-1909, 122; Native:
and foreign-born workmen
equally affected by, 125, 126;
Occupational variations: 131;
collated with per cent of foreign-
born, 133, 508; Restriction of
immigration: no relief for u., 35,
490, 491; Remedies: 146;
Seasonal variations: 115; Un-
skilled laborers: 132; Working
days: number of, in New York,
1897-1908, 142, 143; in Penn-
sylvania coal mines, 1901-1909,
140

UNITED KINGDOM, 178, 209-215,
520-522, (See also: Ireland;
Northern and Western Europe);
Emigration by destination: gross,
1840-1909, 212, 518; net, 1895-
1909, 213, 214; Immigration: to
the U. S., from, 1890-1909,
not below normal, 213
UNITED MINE WORKERS, (See also:
Coal Miners; Labor Organiza-
tions); growth of, 447; wage
conferences with mine operators
in the bituminous coal fields,
439, 450
UNSKILLED LABORERS, (See also:
Agriculture; Family Budgets;
Hours of Labor; Housing Con-
ditions; Illiteracy; Iron and
Steel Workers; Labor Organiza-
tions; Occupations of Immi-
grants; Racial Displacement;
Rolling Mills; Slavs; Unem-
ployment; Woolen and Worsted
Mills); Craft unions: barred
from, 346; interests conflicting
with, 348; Displacement: of
native, by immigrants, none,
156, 157; Increase: of the
number of, by race and nativity,
1890-1900, 156; Iron and steel
mills: wages rising, 397; Pre-
dominant among the immigrants: