CONGESTION, (See also: Housing
Conditions; Tenement Houses);
Boston: number of families per
house, 1853-1900, 242; Dublin:
c. in, 520; Effect: upon cost of
living and wages, 240; Failure of
the community: to provide safe-
guards against, 239; Industrial
causes, 235; Ireland: c. in, 244;
New York City: 229-241; Old
Immigration: 65: Race: not a
factor, 237; Rear tenements, 233
CONTRACT LABORERS, importa-
tion of, infrequent, 99, 394
COST OF LIVING, (See: Congestion;
Wages and the Cost of Living)
COTTON MILLS, 375-383, (See
also: Child Labor); Earnings: of
operatives, by sex and age, by
principal States, 387; Hours of
labor, 315; Strikes: much above
the average in duration, 379;
Unemployed: and foreign-born,
136, 512

CRAFT UNIONS, (See: Labor Or-
ganizations)

CRIME, 353, 358-361; Immigrants:

alleged criminal proclivities of
the, 358; no more criminal than
native Americans, 359; Increase
of immigration: coincident with
decrease of c., 360

D

DANES, 79, 198, (See also: Scan-
dinavians)

DANGEROUS WORKING CONDI-
TIONS, statistics of strikes
against, 486

DAYS WORKED, Bituminous coal
mines: d. W. collated with
variation of number of immi-
grant miners and laborers in
Pennsylvania, 140, 141; Organ-
ized trades: in the State of New
York, and immigration, 1897-
1909, 144
DEMAND FOR LABOR, (See also:
Agriculture; Labor Market);
Agriculture: 103-113; Character
and volume of immigration:
determined by, 102; Immigra-
tion and emigration: regulated
by, 3; Population of the United

States: not increasing as fast as,
84
DENMARK, 16, 179, 202, 203-205,
(See also: Northern and Western
Europe); Decline of emigration:
from, due to improvement in
condition of people, 205; Eco-
nomic conditions: of the peas-
ants greatly improved since the
'80's, 203; Emigration: from, to
the United States, 1820-1910,
203; Immigration: to, 204; Pro-
gress of manufacturing: 204
DISPLACEMENT, defined by the
Oxford Dictionary, 149
DISPLACEMENT, RACIAL, 415

E

EARNINGS, (See: Wages)
EASTMAN, CRYSTAL, 460, 461, 467,
468, 481, 482, 484
EMIGRATION, American farmers:
emigrating to Canada, 112;
Immigration: compared with,
90; Industrial crisis: net e.
during the recent, 88; Monthly
average: 1907-1909, 92
EMPLOYMENT, Fluctuations of, 121,
123, 137, 503

ENGLAND, (See: United Kingdom)
ENGLISH AND WELSH, 166, 167,

168, 170, 171, 172, 262, 263,
264, 267, 268, 290, 326, 355,
356, 357, 395, 401, 414, 415,
425, 436, 437, 442, 447, 449,
517, 518
ENGLISH LANGUAGE, per cent
foreign-born able to speak the,
by years in the U. S., 58

F

FALKNER, ROLAND P., 68, 69
FAMILY BUDGETS, Clothing: ex-
penditure for, in families of un-
skilled laborers, by income and
nativity, 267; increases with
earnings, 266; prices paid for,
by recent immigrants the same
as by native Americans, 265;
race variations insignificant,
266; Deficit: annual, per work-
ing family, by occupations,
1885, 297, 523; Food: expendi-
tures for, by nativity and in-

Family Budgets-Continued

come, 258, 260, 262; in New
York City, 260; Slav laborers,
standards of, 259; Laborers:
unskilled, classified by nativity
and source of income, New
Jersey, 1885, 522; Massachu-
setts: 1800, 1830, and 1860, 521;
Rent: paid by immigrants as
high as, or higher than, that
paid by native wage-earners,
250; by nativity, 254, 255;
per person, in families without
boarders, the same for native,
and foreign-born, 254, 255;
South Italians: food expendi-
tures of, compared with Âmeri-
can families, 258; Surplus: of
income over expenditure, by
country of birth of families,
368; Wage-earners: classified by
occupations, New Jersey, 1885,
522
FARMHOUSE LABOR, Competition:

of, in the clothing industry, in
'40's and '50's, 365; Daughters of
American farmers: working for
less than cost of living, 365
FARMING, (See: Agriculture)
FARM LABORERS, (See: Agricul-
tural Laborers)

FATAL ACCIDENT RATE, (See also:
Fatal Accidents); Anthracite
coal mines: 1870-1909, 528;
decrease simultaneous with in-
crease of employment of Slavs
and Italians, 478; Bitumi-
nous coal mines: 485; col-
lated with variation of the per
cent of miners of Italian and
Slavic parentage, 472, 527;
compared with railroads, 529;
increase due to exhaustion of
mines, 480; Coal mines: varia-
tion by States, 471; by causes
and nativity, 474; by length of
experience and nativity, 477;
Foreign countries: compared
with U. S., 469

FATAL ACCIDENTS, (See also: Fatal
Accident Rate; Work Accidents);
Coal mines: negligence of the
miners, 480; Railroads: 485;
Steel mills: speeding the cause.
of, 481
FITCH, JOHN A., 164, 395, 399–401,

362-374,

GARMENT WORKERS,
(See also: Clothing Industry);
Jews: in the cities underbid by
American country workers, 372;
Labor organizations: affiliations
of Jews and Italians with, in
New York City above the
average for the country, 326;
more effective than among
other industrial workers, 373
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, 2, 3, 8, 12,
15, 52-54, 65, 66, 73, 76–78, 149,
162, 170-172, 180-196, 194,228-
233, 252, 253, 263, 275, 328, 357,
368, 369, 370, 374, 385, 395,
401, 414, 436, 442; Colonies: in
the middle of the nineteenth
century, 77; Congestion: in the
settlements in old New York
City, 65; Occupations: 1890-
1900, 170; Pennsylvania: in the
colony of, 76; Tenement houses:
unsanitary, in New York City
colonies of, in the '60's, 232
GERMANY, (See also: German
Immigrants; Northern and
Western Europe); 1, 14, 43, 52,
178-180, 180-196, 255, 262, 267,
268, 355, 356, 386, 517; Ad-
vance: in the wages of farm
labor, 189, 190; Agricultural
progress: 189, 190; in 1895-

Germany-Continued

1910, 190; Coal: production of,
per cent increase of, 1890-1909,
184; Coal miners: increase of
annual earnings, 1890-1910,
186; Emigration: from, annual
average, 1875-1910, 192; to
countries outside of the U. S.,
1890-1904, 195; net e. from,
180; of unskilled laborers to the
U. S., increasing with the in-
creased immigration to the U.S.,
from Southern and Eastern
Europe, 192, 193; Foreign-born:
by country of birth, 1880-1900,
517; engaged in gainful occupa-
tions, 1900, 517; population of,
180; Immigration: to, exceeds
emigration from, 180; to G.
from Southern and Eastern
Europe, 181; Industrial ex-
pansion: 182; Iron: production
of, 1880-1910, 184; Labor: con-
dition of, improved, 185; demand
for, increased, 185; Migration:
of workers from Russian Poland
to G., 181; Railroad mileage:
growth of, and freight traffic,
1890-1900, 183; Trade-unions:
189; membership of, 1890-1910,
187

GREAT BRITAIN, I, 14, 17, 52, 147,
179, 385, (See also: British
Immigration; English and Welsh;
Northern and Western Europe;
United Kingdom); Immigration:
from, rise in 1897-1907, 213;
Living conditions: improvement
of, 214; Real wages: 1850-1900,
215

H

HEBREWS, (See: Jews)
HOFFMAN, F. L., 465, 466, 471,
474, 476, 477
HOLMES, JOSEPH A., 467, 468
HOME OWNERSHIP, 274-283, (See
also: Apartment Houses); Ages:
of home owners, 279-281; Bos-
ton: 1845-1900, 277; Cities: with
population of 50,000 and over,
percentage of native white in,
278; Decreasing: with the growth
of urban population, 282; with
the increase of land values, 278;

Irregularity of employment: a
bar to, 274; New immigrants:
not long enough in the U. S. to
have acquired homes, 282;
Labor disputes: handicap in,
274; Old immigration: 277; Real
estate: value of, 278-279; Ten-
ancy: in Boston, 1790, 1845,
1890, and 1900, 276; Thrift:
and h. o., 276

HOURS OF LABOR, 311-317, (See
also: Clothing Industry); Agri-
culture: 110;
American mill
hands: native, in the ante-
immigration period, 311, 312;
Cotton mills: h. o. 1. reduced in,
315; Massachusetts: 1872-1903,
313; New immigration: 314;
New York City: reduction of,
compared with remainder of the
State, 316, 317; Reduction:
contemporaneous with immi-
gration, 27; Sewing women: in
the middle of the nineteenth
century, 363; Steel industry:
shorter hours for foreigners than
for English-speaking skilled and
semi-skilled employees, 314
HOUSING CONDITIONS, 241-256,
(See also: Congestion; Tenement
Houses); Cause: of bad h. c.
economic, not racial, 247; Ger-
mans: unsanitary h. c. of, in the
past, 230-232; Immigration
Commission: tendency to shift
the blame to the tenant, 249;
Improvements: by Italians and
Jews, 66; Irish: unsanitary h. c.
of, in the past, 230-232; Italian
district: improved h. c. in the,
66, 234; Jewish districts: im-
proved h. c. in the, 66, 234;
Landlords: responsibility of, 247;
Native white: New England
working girls in the '40's, 241;
sewing women, squalid h. c. in
the past, 231; unskilled laborers
in Southern mill towns, 246;
Old immigration: cellar popula-
tion in New York City, 230;
Massachusetts towns, h. c. in,
243; rear tenements in New
York City, 233; shanty dwellers
in Massachusetts in the '70's,
244; unsanitary tenements in
Boston, 241, 242

HUNGARIANS, (See: Magyars, Slavs)
HUNGARY, 98, 100
HUNTER, ROBERT, 40, 45

I

ILLINOIS, II, 134, 135, 300, 301,
319, 334, 428-431, 433, 447, 448,
453, 471, 472, 473, 484, 506, 507,
510, 511, 512, 526, 529
ILLITERACY, immigration from

Bulgaria, Greece, Russia, and
Servia compared with popula-
tion of same countries, 71; un-
skilled laborers, percentage
among, 497; Italian: statistics
of, 80; Statistics: 70, 80
IMMIGRANT COLONIES, Irish and
German in middle of nineteenth
century, 77
IMMIGRANTS, Ages: 497; Connec-

tions: in the U. S., 94; Farmers:
number of, negligible at all
periods, 67; Imported: myth
of, 3, 99; Occupations: per cent
distribution by, 1861-1910, 67;
Old: majority unskilled, 67;
Skilled: proportion of, same for
last half-century, 67
IMMIGRATION, Annual average: by
occupations, 1861-1910, 503;
Assisted: 96; Business condi-
tions: and, 1880-1910, 87; Com-
pared: with emigration, 88;
Monthly average: compared with
immigration, 1907-1909, 92;
Objections: to, 40; Old: compared
with New, 61-81; distribution,
before 1840, 63; indentured serv-
ants, immigrants a century ago
mostly, 62; Opposition: to, by
organized labor antedates new,
78; to quantity not quality, 79;
Quality of: European opinion,
72; Immigration Commission,
conclusion of, 72 intellectually
average immigrant above aver-
age of countrymen at home,
70; standard not lowered, 69;
Tractability: of old and new,
346; volume: how regulated, 93
IMMIGRATION COMMISSION, Con-
clusions: of the, 49, 72; contra-
dicted by its statistics, 325;
Recommendations: of the, 496,

497

uncon-

INDUCED IMMIGRATION,
firmed tales of, 391
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY, Immigra-
tion: and, 86; Population: and,
for the past twenty years, 82
IRELAND, 2, 14, 17, 43, 65, 178,

179, 210, 215-221, 244, 245,
522, 523, (See also: Congestion;
Irish; Northern and Western
Europe; United Kingdom);
Emigration: from, 1851-1908,
216; decreasing since 1860, 216;
by destination, 1876-1908, 217;
Farm laborers: rise in wages of,
219; Housing: in rural areas,
1861-1901, 219; Land reform:
effects of, 217, 218; Recent pro-

gress: 217-219

IRISH, 12-14, 17, 25, 52, 54, 57,
64-67, 69, 73, 77, 149, 161, 166,
169-172, 178, 179, 210, 212,
229-232, 244, 247, 252, 253, 255,
260-263, 267, 275, 290, 295, 328,
355, 356, 357, 364, 365, 374, 385,
386, 394, 395, 401, 414, 415, 425,
436, 437, 442, 447, 449, 517, 518,
(See also: Ireland); Congestion:
in the settlements of New York
City in the past, 65; Farm work:
reluctance of the early immi-
grants toward, 66; Immigrant
colonies: in the middle of the
nineteenth century, 77; Occupa-
tions: in the U. S., 1890-1900,
169; Pauperism: in Boston,
1837-1845, 356; Standard of
living: of early immigrants, 64;
Sweatshops: in the 50's, 364;
Tenement houses: unsanitary, in
the I. colonies of New York
City in the '60's, 232

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY, (See
also: Iron and Steel Workers);
Expansion: of, 158-160; Techni-
cal revolution: in the, 399
IRON AND STEEL WORKERS, 394-
413, (See also: Aristocracy of
Labor; Rolling Mills; Unskilled
Laborers); Amalgamated Associ-
ation: of, common laborers
barred, 411; decline due to sub-
stitution of machinery for skill,
412; Birds of passage: by race,
75; Crowding out: of English-
speaking workmen by immi-
grants, none, 395; Earnings: in

Iron and Steel Workers

-Continued

the Pittsburgh and Southern
districts, 408; Eight-hour day:
demand of the employers, in
the '80's resisted, by the Amal-
gamated Association, 410, 411;
Highly paid men: a small frac-
tion of the force in the past,
395; Hours of labor: shorter for
unskilled foreigners than for
English-speaking skilled and
semi-skilled, 314; Machinery:
skill displaced by, 399; Months
of employment: native and
foreign-born male, by per cent
distribution, 127; Race: 1880,
1890, and 1900, 159; 1890-1900,
in the principal cities of the
Middle West, 160; and skill, 402;
Racial stratification: 402, 403;
Skilled: earnings in Eastern
and Southern mills, 407; pro-
portion of, 162; Sunday work:
general rule before period of
New Immigration, 409; Twelve-
hour day: insisted on by piece
workers in the '80's, 410, 411;
Unskilled: proportion of, 162;
Wages: 403; in 1884, 396; in
1880-1908, 398, 525; by occu-
pations, 1880-1908, 397; of
skilled men higher in Pittsburgh
with, than in the South without,
immigrant competition, 405;
of skilled men in the Pittsburgh
mills reduced since 1892, 403,
404; vary inversely with the
ratio of recent immigrants, 408
IRREGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT,
migratory worker the product
of, 435
ITALIANS, 3, 7, 15, 16, 20, 22, 32,
37, 43, 47, 65, 66, 72, 79, 80, 85,
91, 99, 120, 162, 170-172, 193,
200, 201, 209, 234, 237, 238, 240,
253, 255, 258-263, 267-269, 290,
326,328, 345, 349, 351, 355, 356-
359, 368-371, 374, 385, 386, 388,
391, 394, 428, 437, 442, 443, 449.
450, 453, 458, 484, 487, 517, 518,
(See also: South Italians); Hous-
ing conditions: improved by, 66;
improved in the I. district, 234;
Illiteracy: statistics, 80; Labor
organizations: affiliation of

clothing workers with, above the
average for the country, 326
ITALY, 32, 69, 72, 93, 181, 349, 350,
358, 359, (See also: Italians);
Labor organizations: 349; agri-
cultural, 350; Strikes: of agri-
cultural laborers, 350

J

JENKS AND LAUCK, 43, 44, 65, 68,
84, 85, 126, 163, 164, 173, 245,
247, 248, 250, 251, 271, 272, 273,
275, 280, 285, 287, 288, 290, 302,
303, 346, 351, 360, 371, 458, 460
JENKS, JEREMIAH W., (See: Jenks
and Lauck)

JEWS, 3, 20, 25, 32, 65, 66, 71, 72,

228, 234, 237, 238, 240, 253, 280,
326, 328, 351, 356, 362, 363, 368,
369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 487, 497,
(See also: Russians); Housing
conditions: improved, in the J.
districts, 66, 234; Labor organi-
zations: affiliation of J. clothing
workers with, in New York City
above the average for the coun-
try, 326; Underbidding: of J.
by American country workers,
372

L

LABOR, condition of, has not de-
teriorated in the U. S., 23
LABOR AGENTS, before the immi-
gration era, 119

LABOR ARISTOCRACY, (See: Aristoc-
racy of Labor)

LABOR COMPETITION, Immigrants:
do not undercut union wages,
378; Southern white: keeping
down the wages of immigrants
in the North, 381
LABOR MARKET, immigration and
the, 82-102

LABOR ORGANIZATIONS, 325-352,
(See also: Coal Mines; Cotton
Mills; Garment Workers; Iron
and Steel Workers; Woolen
Mills); Bituminous coal mines:
445; Coal miners: non-English-
speaking, affiliated with, 352,
353; union of, recognized by the
Steel Trust, 453; Date of organi-
zation: in principal industrial