Italians, Portuguese, Roumanians, and Spaniards; Greeks: Albanians; Armenians, Persians, and Gypsies; Hebrews and Syrians; Chinese; Japanese and Koreans; Finns and Magyars; and Turks. Besides, we have coming to us Berbers and Arabs from northern Africa, Bretons from western France, Esthonians from western Russia, Esquimaux from western Alaska, Spanish Americans from South America. And not even all these exhaust the multitudinous sources contributing to our foreign-born population.

Unlike the invasions of other centuries and of other countries, the present-day immigration to the United States is not by organized armies coming to conquer by the sword. It is made up of detached individuals, or at most, of family or racial groups, afoot, the sword. not only sheathed but also entirely discarded by those who have no idea of battling with arms for that which they come to seek. They do not come as armed horsemen, with their herds of cattle and skin-canopied wagons. Nor do they present themselves at our doors in "great red ships," with the ensign of the rover hanging from the topmast, and clad in chain-mail shirts and with helmets.

More than twenty-eight million have entered the United States. from all parts of the world during the ninety years since 1820! In the course of the nineteenth century, and the first decade of the twentieth century, there came more than five million from Germany, four million from Ireland, more than three million from each of Austria-Hungary, and Italy, three million from England, Scotland, and Wales; nearly two and one-half million from Russia; nearly two million from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden; and about five. hundred thousand from France.

More than twenty-five million immigrants came within the sixty years since 1850; and more than nineteen million came within the last thirty years. The ten years ending with 1910 gave us a total immigration exceeding 8,795,000, nearly five million of those arriving within the past five years. In the single year 1910 the number of arrivals exceeded one million by 41,000; in the twelve months three years before they had reached 1,285,000, this being the largest single yearly inflow of foreign born in the history of the country.

Taking the average for the past ten years, we find that there came annually more than eight hundred and seventy-nine thousand immigrants; for every month more than seventy-three thousand; for every day, Sundays and holidays included, two thousand four hundred and forty, and for every time the clock struck the hour, day and night, one hundred persons born in some foreign country landed on the shores of the United States.

Truly a wonderful invasion! A stupendous army! An army that has been marching continually all these years-an army whose ranks, although changing racially, have not been depleted but have steadily and at times alarmingly increased in numbers as the decades have gone by. Here is a phenomenon before which we must stand in awe and amazement when contemplating its consequences to the human race!

Think you that any such numbers invaded the Roman world when the Huns poured in from the East? Was Attila's army onehalf, even one-tenth, as large when it overran Gaul and Italy? Did the Saxons in the sixth century invade England in any such numbers? Or, did William the Conqueror lead any such army in the Norman invasion of England in the eleventh century? And yet, upon the peoples of those countries the mark of the invader is seen to this day. Think you that America alone will escape the consequences?

Let us look at the volume of this invasion from another angle. There were in the United States in 1910 more than 13,500,000 persons who had been born in some foreign country. That is, one out of every seven of our population came here, not through having been born here, but through immigration. The largest contribution was from Germany, the next largest from Russia; then came Ireland and Italy in a close race for third place, the number of the former exceeding those from Italy by less than ten thousand. Austria, including Bohemia and a part of what formerly was Poland, held fifth place; Canada was in sixth and England in seventh place, Sweden in eighth, Hungary in ninth, and Norway in tenth.

These ten countries contributed more than 11,600,000, of the 13,500,000 or all but 1,900,000 of our foreign born. Their propor tion of the total was about 86 per cent. The other countries or geographical and political divisions represented in the foreign-born population of the United States in 1910 were Scotland, Wales, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain. France, Finland, Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro, Turkey, Greece, Newfoundland, Cuba, West Indies, Mexico, Central America, South America, Japan, China, India, Asia, Africa, Australia, Atlantic Islands, Pacific Islands, and other countries not specified.

Religiously they are believers in Roman and Greek Catholicism, Protestantism in its manifold forms and variations, Mohammedanism, Armenianism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Shamanism, Islamism, Shintoism, and hundreds of diversified sects, some with such strange names as Chiah, Sunni, Parsee, Nestorian, Maronite, Druse, Osmanlis, Laotse, and so on.

Linguistically they are German, Dutch, Scandinavian, including Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, Flemish, English, Gaelic, Cymric, Slavic, including Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, and Bohemian; French, Italian, Spanish, Roumanian, Portuguese, RhetoRoman, Greek, Albanian, Lithuanian, Lettic, Armenian, Persian, Yiddish, Semitic, Turkish, Finnish, Magyar, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mexican, Spanish American, and other groups distinguished by the language they speak. Among these are such strange and unfamiliar dialects as Friesian, Thuringian, Franconian, Swabian, Alsatian, Wallon, Gascon, Languedocian, Rhodanian, Catalan, Galego, Friulan, Gegish, Toskish, Pamir, Caspian, Syriac, Aramaic, Shkipetar, and so on.

Some conception of the significance of the numerical strength of the foreign born in the United States is gained by means of a few simple comparisons. They number over three and one-half millions more than all the negro population of the entire country." They equal more than twice the total population, and nearly three times that of the native, of the six New England States; they would populate the seven states of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, the two Dakotas, Nebraska, and Kansas, with their present density, and still have an extra 1,880,000; they supply a population 1,300,000 in excess of the total found today in the South Atlantic division, including, besides the District of Columbia, also Delaware, Maryland, the two Virginias, the two Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.

Considering the native population only, which includes also the children born here of foreign-born parents, our total foreign born equals all the natives in the twenty-two states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, the two Dakotas, Kansas, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington.

230. Immigration in a Single Year1

BY F. A. OGG

It is not easy to conceive what our immigration has come to be. The figures are too stupendous to be grasped by the mind. Let one who has sat in the magnificent Stadium at Cambridge, as one of the 40,000 spectators at a Harvard-Yale football game, reflect that if the immigrants entering our ports during the fiscal year 1906 were brought together, they would make a throng twenty-five and a half times as large as that which crowds every available foot of space. 17From an article in The World's Work, XIV, 8879-8886. Copyright (1907).

around the great oval. Let him consider that the number admitted in this twelvemonth from Norway and Sweden alone would more than fill the Stadium; that the number from Germany would do the same; that the influx from Great Britain would fill it two and one-half times. That from Russia would fill it more than five times; that from Austria-Hungary would fill it more than six times; and the contributions from Italy would do it seven times with people to spare. Let him further call to mind that, on the average, the Stadium could be packed with the aliens who are landed at Ellis Island every seventeen days throughout the year.

Then let him consider that the total number of immigrants. admitted in 1906 would nearly serve to populate either the city of Philadelphia, or the cities of Boston and Baltimore combined; that, in fact it would people all Maryland, or all Nebraska, or the whole region occupied by Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. These six states and territories have an aggregate area of 649,320 square miles, which is nearly 18 per cent of the total area of the United States.

231. American Appraisals of Immigration

a) The Problem of Distribution18

We have room enough; let them come. But the immigrants should pass into the interior. In the present state of the times we seem too thick on the maritime frontier already. Within there is ample and profitable employment for all, in almost every branch of business, and strangers should be encouraged to seek it there.

b) The Old Immigration and the New19

BY S. F. B. MORSE

Then we were few, feeble, and scattered. Now, we are numerous, strong and concentrated. Then our accessions of immigration were real accessions of strength from the ranks of the learned and the good, from enlightened mechanic and artisan and intelligent husbandman. Now, immigration is the accession of weakness, from the ignorant and vicious, or the priest-ridden slaves of Ireland and Germany, or the outcast tenants of the poorhouses and prisons of Europe.

18 Adapted from Niles' Register, VII, 359 (1817).

19 Adapted from Imminent Dangers to the Institutions of the United States through Foreign Immigration, etc., by "An American" (1835).

c) Not Wops, but Irishmen20

They had an utter disregard for felling forests and turning up the prairies for themselves. They preferred to stay where another race would furnish them with food, clothing, and labor, and hence were mostly found loitering on the lines of the public works in villages and in the worst portions of the large cities, where they competed with the negroes, between whom and themselves there was an inveterate dislike, for the most degrading employment.

d) Not Like the Old Immigrants21

BY M. D. LICHLITER

The immigration of the present is not the immigration of forty years ago. We protest against the admission of those who come to this country whose habits and manner of life tear down the standard of American life, of living, and of wages, and whose traits of character, low order of intelligence, and inferior standard of life renders it impossible for them, even if they had the desire, to maintain the highest ideals of American morality and citizenship.

e) Freedom of Opportunity22

BY HENRY A. RODENBURG

It has long been our proud boast that ours is the land of liberty and opportunity. Here on the hospitable shores of the "home of the free" the persecuted of the earth have always found a refuge and an asylum. We recognize neither class nor caste, nationality nor religion. Every honest immigrant, no matter from what country he hails, whether from the north of Europe, the south of Europe, the east of Europe, or the west of Europe, if able to meet the requirements of our liberal immigration laws, is invited to partake of our liberties and to join with us in working out the manifest destiny of the American Republic. It is this spirit that lies at the basis of our national greatness. I would not discriminate against the Italian, the Hungarian, or the Pole. I have not forgotten that Columbus was the son of an Italian laborer. I have not forgotten that among

20

2oAdapted from the Report of the Association of the Condition of the Poor. Reprinted in Report of the Immigration Commission, XV, 462 (1860). 21 Adapted from testimony before the Immigration Commission, in Reports, XLI, 16 (1910).

**Adapted from a speech delivered in the House of Representatives, July 26, 1912.