Palmer et als. v. Elliot and Hovey. NEW HAMPSHIRE DISTRICT. MAY TERM, 1858. JULIUS A. PALMER et als. v. WILLIAM H. ELLIOT AND STANFORD HOVEY. Where two persons by virtue of a private agreement, became partners as to third parties, the contract specifying no firm name, but allowing each partner to purchase goods on his own individual credit, and designating one of the two to transact the business, while the connection of the other was kept secret, held, That the dormant partner was not liable, on a note, for goods put into the concern by the one who conducted the business, and signed with his name, where the signature was not intended as that of the firm, and the payee was ignorant of the relation of the parties. In Massachusetts, when a debtor gives his own negotiable bill or note for a pre-existing debt, it is prima facie evidence of payment. But this presumption may be rebutted by circumstances showing that such was not the intention of the parties, or if the paper accepted is not binding upon all the parties previously liable, or where there is fraud, concealment, misapprehension and great unfairness in giving the security. Under such circumstances the holder is at liberty to surrender the note to the party who gave it, or place it on the files of the court for that purpose, and will then be entitled to recover on the original contract. THIS was an action of assumpsit, and was submitted upon an agreed statement of facts. With the exception of one or two particulars the material circumstances were the same as in the case of Bigelow et al. v. Elliot et al., ante, p. 28. The points of difference were these: the declaration in this case contained three counts, two of which were the same as those in the case above mentioned, namely, one being for goods sold and delivered, and the other upon an account annexed, which embraced six charges. Of these, the first and third were included in the note declared on in the third count. The note was given by the last-named defendant, and bore his signature alone. All the goods were purchased by him, and the plaintiffs gave to him exclusively the credit for the amount included in the note, they having no knowledge of the other defendant's interest in the store or the goods, or of the existence of any private agreement between the two Palmer et als. v. Elliot and Hovey. defendants. Moreover, the last-named defendant purchased the goods and gave the note without consultation with his associate, and without his knowledge. As in the other case, the second defendant, Hovey, the maker of the note, was defaulted, and Elliot pleaded the general issue. It was contended that the defendants were not partners, but the court held this point to be decided by the case above referred to, and held that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover so much .of the amount claimed as was not included in the note set forth in the third count. Clark and Smith, for plaintiffs. Morrison and Stanley, for defendants. CLIFFORD, J. On the present state of facts it is impossible to say that Hovey, in signing the note, used the name affixed to it as a partnership name. He professed to act for himself, and pledged his own credit; and it clearly appears, from all the circumstances disclosed in the agreed statement of facts, that he signed the note, using the name affixed to it as his own personal designation, and it was so understood by the plaintiffs at the time the goods were sold and the note given. Two or more persons carrying on a trade or business may adopt the name of one of their number as a partnership name, or they may even adopt a fictitious name, and the use of such name by one of the company in transacting the proper partnership business will bind the firm. When the firm name is the same as that of one of the individuals composing the firm, a material distinction arises, which it becomes important to notice, especially if that individual member of the firm is also separately engaged in a similar pursuit. In such cases the mere proof of the signature to a bill or note, unaccompanied by any circumstances tending to show that the name affixed to it was used and signed as the firm name, is not in general sufficient to entitle the plaintiff to recover against the firm, and some courts and text-writers have held that it is not even prima facie evidence that it was a transaction appertaining to the partnership business. Parsons's Mer. Law, 177; Manufacturers & Mechanics' Bank v. Winship et al., 5 Pick. 11; U. S. Bank v. Binney, 5 Mas. 176; Miner v. Downer, 19 Vt. 14. Other cases Palmer et als. v. Elliot and Hovey. assert the doctrine that when it does not appear that the individual whose name is used has been engaged in business on his private account, and it appears that the name is the firm name, it will be presumed that it was used for the firm. Trueman v. Loder, 11 Ad. & E. 589; Bank of Rochester v. Monteath, 1 Den. 402; Bank of S. C. v. Case, 8 B. & C. 427; Palmer v. Stephen, 1 Den. 479; Miller et als. v. Manice, 6 Hill, 114. Applying these principles to the facts of this case, it is quite certain that the plaintiffs cannot recover upon the third count, as the agreed statement clearly shows that the defendant who signed the note used the name, not as a partnership name, but as the one properly describing himself; and, as both parties so understood it, the law cannot give any other character to the transaction. Moreover, these defendants had not adopted any firm name whatever, and, what is more, it was expressly agreed between them that each should purchase goods in his own name and on his own separate individual credit, and it does not appear that either had ever departed from the course which both alike had contracted to pursue. Another consideration presented is, whether the plaintiffs may not recover the whole amount claimed under the general counts. Both of the items of charge included in the note are sued for in those counts. Whether they can so recover or not, depends upon the question whether the note in suit was received by the plaintiffs in payment of that part of the account for which it was given. At common law a promissory note, given for a simple contract debt, does not operate as a discharge of the original obligation, or constitute a payment of the original debt, unless it affirmatively appears from the evidence that such was the intention of the parties at the time it was given, and that is the rule which prevails in most of the States composing our Union. But this contract was made in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the courts of that State have adopted a different rule. It is there held that, when a debtor gives his own negotiable bill or note for a pre-existing debt, it is prima facie evidence of payment; and the reason assigned for the rule is, that otherwise the debtor might be obliged to pay the debt twice. Maneely v. McGee, 6 Mass. 143; Thacher v. Dinsmore, 5 Mass. Palmer et als. v. Elliot and Hovey. 299. Her courts also hold that if such bill or note is given for a part of the debt, it is deemed payment of such part, even though the debt is collaterally secured by a mortgage. Ilsley v. Jewett, 2 Met. 168; Fowler v. Bush, 21 Pick. 230; 2 Greenl. Ev. § 520. Some exceptions and qualifications have been admitted to this rule in the jurisdictions where it prevails, which it becomes important to notice in this investigation. All the cases allow that the reception of the bill or note is nothing more than prima facie evidence that it was received in payment, and they generally admit that such prima facie presumption may be rebutted and controlled by any circumstances which show that such was not the intention of the parties. It was so held in Watkins v. Hill, 8 Pick. 522; and such appears to be the settled doctrine in all the jurisdictions whose courts of justice have departed from the common-law rule upon the subject. Butts v. Dean, 2 Met. 76; Reed v. Upton, 10 Pick. 522; Jones v. Kennedy, 11 Pick. 125; Comstock v. Smith et al., 23 Me. 202; Gilmore v. Buzzey, 12 Me. 418. Some courts have gone further, and held that the presumption of payment may be controlled, not only by the agreement of the parties, but by proof of a contrary usage, or by any circumstances inconsistent with the presumption. Varner v. Nobleboro, 2 Me. 221; Descadilas v. Harris, 8 Me. 298. In the course of the numerous decisions which have grown out of the departure from the common-law rule, certain exceptions or qualifications to the rule have been recognized and established by the courts in jurisdictions where the opposite rule prevails, to which it may be useful to advert on the present occasion, so far as they have an immediate bearing upon the question under consideration. One of those exceptions is, that if the negotiable paper, whether bill or note, was accepted in ignorance of the facts, or under any misapprehension of the rights of the parties, the rule that it shall be held prima facie to have been received in payment of the pre-existing debt does not apply. French v. Price, 24 Pick. 13. So, if the paper accepted is not binding upon all the parties previously liable, it is held that the presumption of payment may be considered as repelled. Melledge v. The Boston Iron Co., 5 Cush. 158; Fowler v. Ludwig, 34 Me. 461. Palmer et als. v. Elliot and Hovey. Reference to one other of these exceptions will be sufficient at the present time. All the well-considered cases agree that, if the transaction is tainted with fraud, or if it appears that there was any concealment, misapprehension, or unfairness, in giving or passing the new security, proof of such facts, or any one of them, will be sufficient to repel the presumption, and to entitle the creditor to recover upon the original contract. Assuming the law to be as stated, of which there can be no doubt, it is obvious what the result must be in this case. Both of the defendants, in contemplation of law, were originally liable for the charges in the account which were included in the note described in the writ; and the note itself, as there described, furnishes plenary evidence that it was only executed and signed by the defendant, who is defaulted. And if so, it proves to a demonstration that all the parties originally liable are not bound by the new security; and, what is equally decisive of the question, the agreed statement shows that the plaintiffs, in accepting the note, acted in utter ignorance of their rights in the premises, and without any knowledge whatever of the actual relations which existed between these defendants. Without more, these two facts are sufficient to repel the presumption that the note was received in payment of that part of the account for which it was given. But it also appears that it was given under circumstances of concealment and great unfairness on the part of the defendant who gave it, if not of actual fraud, and therefore falls within the exception admitted by all the well-considered cases upon the subject. Under the circumstances, the plaintiffs are at liberty to surrender the note to the party who gave it, or to place it on the files of the court for that purpose, and then they will be entitled to judgment for the amount specified in the agreed statement, excluding the note, and for the amount of the charges for which the note was given, with interest on the same from the date of the writ, and for their costs. |