where they are not themselves leaseholders, they are employed on many of the older ranches. In this industry, too, the Japanese have been gradually replacing the Chinese.

LAUNDRIES: MERCHANDIZING

In many of the small towns in California and the other Western States, many Chinese are engaged in laundry work, in small merchandizing, and in conducting gambling houses. Formerly they were generally employed in domestic service. At the present time those employed in that capacity are mostly highpriced cooks in private families, in hotels and saloons. Inasmuch as they are so trustworthy, and, on the whole, skilful, and as their numbers are becoming fewer with the passing years, they doubtless, in many cases, receive wages much higher than the normal. On the whole, the Chinese are becoming steadily a less important factor in industry than formerly, both on account of their decreasing numbers, and because it seems impossible for them to compete in many instances with the more aggressive Japanese.

The Japanese

NUMBER

Before the year 1898 the number of Japanese immigrating to the continent of the United States was not large, it never having reached 2,000 in any one year. In 1900 the total number in the United States, excluding Alaska, was given in the census as 24,336. During the following year, however, the number of those arriving from Japan, Mexico and Canada in

creased very rapidly, 4,319 coming in 1905; in 190708, 9,544; altho, by exception, in the year 1900, as many as 12,626 came. It is probable that the total number of Japanese in the United States is nearly 100,000, certainly 95,000 or more.

The number varies considerably in localities in the different seasons, as many of them move from place to place to engage in the various kinds of industries. Probably more than half of the entire number of Japanese are permanently located in California; 16,000 or more in Washington; after that, the largest numbers are found in Colorado and Oregon.

PICTURE BRIDES: PROXY MARRIAGES

Among these Japanese some 7,000 are adult females, married women in most instances, altho a considerable number are known to have been imported for immoral purposes. Many of the married women come as so-called "picture brides," that is, to join men with whom the marriage arrangements have been made through their parents, they never having seen each other and having become acquainted only by photographs or pictures. They are married first by proxy, in accordance with Japanese customs in their own country, and then are married on their arrival in this country in accordance with the American law.

ATTITUDE OF GOVERNMENTS

Until within a late period, say about ten years, the Japanese came without any special objection on the part of their home government or of that of the United States. As it was apparently profitable, immigration companies were organized among the Japanese to facilitate their coming; and had some ac

tive efforts not been put forth by the United States Government, they would soon have been coming in much larger numbers. Since the year 1905, however, there has been an insistent demand on the Pacific Coast, particularly in California, for the exclusion of Japanese. It is urged that the Japanese (many of whom are adults) should be separated from white children in the public schools, and, as is well known, in many instances there have been manifestations of an anti-Japanese sentiment, a number of anti-Japanese measures even having been introduced into the State legislature in 1906 and 1907.

Moreover, the Japanese Government itself did not care to encourage the emigration of its citizens to the United States. In consequence, it was comparatively easy for the United States Government to make an arrangement, in 1907, whereby thereafter the Japanese Government should issue passports only to such members of the laboring class as had been residents in this country and were returning here, or were parents, wives, or children of residents of this country, or had already secured a right to agricultural land. The granting of passports to the non-laborers, that is to travelers, merchants, students, and others, remained as before. The immigration law was so amended as to give the President authority to exclude certain immigrants holding passports to other countries or to our dependencies or the Canal Zone from entering to the "detriment of local conditions." The President, under an order of March 14, 1907, denied admission to "Japanese and Korean laborers, skilled or unskilled, who have received passports to go to Mexico, Canada, Hawaii, and come therefrom" to the continental territory of the United States.

CANADA AND JAPAN

In 1908 an agreement was reached between Japan and Canada by which the number of passports to be granted in any one year to Japanese emigrating to Canada was limited to 400, and the Japanese Government has also stopt the practise of the emigration companies, of sending contract laborers to Mexico. In these ways, also, the immigration of Japanese into the United States has been checked, inasmuch as rather large numbers who have come to Mexico and Canada were in the habit of coming either openly or secretly from both countries into the United States. Since the year 1909 the total number of Japanese is, on the whole, decreasing in this country, more emigrating than are immigrating. Especially is this true of the laboring classes.

OCCUPATION

The great majority of the Japanese immigrants at home were doubtless small farmers or agricultural laborers. Most of them, when leaving home, were young men under twenty-five. In this country

the great majority have been employed in unskilled construction work on railroads and elsewhere, as agricultural laborers, cannery hands, lumber-mill and logging-camp laborers. At times they engage in domestic service and in business establishments managed by their own countrymen. Smaller numbers have been found in coal and oil mining, meat packing, and salt making. They have done comparatively little in the building trades, altho they have done some cabinet work, especially for their own countrymen. They have not done so much inside factory

work, like cigar-making, as did the Chinese earlier, probably in part because of hostile race sentiment. Very many of the Japanese laborers are those who are ready to migrate from one section of the country to another, in order to meet the seasonal demand for laborers.

On the Pacific Coast, it may be roughly stated, during the year 1909 about 10,000 were employed by railway companies, some 6,000 or 7,000 of these as section hands. Probably 2,200 or more were employed in lumber mills, 3,600 in salmon canneries in Alaska, Washington and Oregon; in the mines of Wyoming, Utah, southern Colorado and New Mexico, probably not far from 2,000; while one or two hundred were employed in the smelters. Of farm laborers, probably some 30,000 were employed in California, and 9,000 or 10,000 in the other Western States. The number engaged in city trades and in business on the Pacific Coast would probably be estimated at from 22,000 to 26,000.

Advantages of Japanese Workmen

In the report made by the Immigration Commission there were certain observations regarding the Japanese in industry, which may be briefly summarized:

STRIKE-BREAKERS

The first employment of the Japanese in a good many cases has caused breaks in strikes. This is especially true of coal mining in southern Colorado and Utah in 1903 and 1904, and later in the case of the smelting industry in 1906. Usually, however, they have been introduced to replace Chinese, or when the