the women of foreign birth who were working for wages received more than $400 a year, as compared with 31.4 per cent. of the women of native birth but of foreign father, and 35.8 per cent. of the native American women. The lowest earnings are exhibited by the females of races of southern and eastern Europe.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES

The male heads of families, while showing a low range of annual earnings, exhibit a somewhat greater earning capacity than the unmarried industrial workers. The males of native birth who are married and who are heads of families also have a higher range of annual earnings than those of foreign birth. The greater proportion of the former earn yearly between $400 and $800, while the greater number of the latter earn between $300 and $600. Of the heads of families who were white native-born employees of native father, or native Americans, one-half earn between $500 and $800 per annum. In the lower ranges of annual earnings the heads of families who were born abroad exhibit a much greater proportion than those of native birth, while in the higher ranges of annual earnings the situation is reversed. Only 2.8 per cent. of the foreignborn heads of families, as compared with 13 per cent. of the total native-born and 14 per cent. of those white of native birth and native father, have yearly earnings in excess of $1,000. On the other hand, only 12.2 per cent. of the total native-born heads of families, and 9.6 per cent. of the white industrial workers of native birth and native father, as contrasted with 34.1 per cent. of the total number of foreign birth, earn

under $400 each year. The races of old immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe also have a higher range of annual earnings than have those of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe.

Annual Family Income

The meager earnings of the married industrial workers, both of native and of foreign birth, are not sufficient to meet the needs of their families. This fact is shown by the following table, which sets forth the average amount of the annual income of 15,726 families, the heads of which were wage-earners in mines and manufacturing establishments. The presentation is by general nativity of heads of families.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME

The most significant fact developed by the foregoing table, as may be readily seen from a comparison with the table showing annual earnings, is that the family income is much larger than the yearly earnings of male heads of families. As a matter of fact, present-day industrial families in the United States find it necessary to add to the earnings of the hus

bands through the employment of wives and children outside the home and the keeping of boarders and lodgers within the home. The native American and older immigrant employees maintain an independent form of family life, but the earnings of the heads are supplemented by the wages of the wives and children. On the other hand, the southern and eastern European families have recourse to the keeping of boarders and lodgers as a supplementary source of family income. This condition of affairs is shown by the table opposite, which sets forth, by general nativity of head of family, the proportion of 15,704 families who derive their income from the sources specified.

One of the most striking contrasts exhibited by this table is the greater dependence of foreign-born than of native-born families upon the earnings of heads, wives and children. Of the former 63.3 per cent., and of the latter only 38 per cent., rely entirely upon the wages of the head of the family for their support. The totals as to the proportion of families having an income from contributions of husbands and children are about the same in the case of each nativity group, the large extent to which children in the families of the races of old immigration contribute to the family support doubtless offsetting the almost entire lack of such source of income in case of the families of southern and eastern European immigrants.

The fact already mentioned as to the dependence of families the heads of which were immigrants upon the contributions of boarders or lodgers, is strikingly set forth in the table, 25.5 per cent. of the foreignborn families, as contrasted with only 6.5 per cent. of the total native-born, having an income entirely from husbands and boarders or lodgers. As regards

the families of the several races, the tendencies exhibited may be more quickly seen by the division of the families the heads of which were foreign-born into two groups, according to whether the heads were of old immigration or of recent arrival in the United States. In making this division only the principal races and sources of income are considered.

OLD AND NEW IMMIGRATION COMPARED

With respect to source of family income of the foreign-born, by race (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS)