of the earnings of the races in the different industries is that earning ability is more the outcome of industrial opportunity or conditions of employment than of racial efficiency and progress. This fact becomes evident when the average weekly earnings of the members of a race, or several races, in the cotton or woollen and worsted goods industry, are considered in connection with the earnings of the same race or races in other industries. The Lithuanians, for example, earn an average of $12.24 weekly in the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles, $11.60 in clothing, $13.60 in copper mining and smelting, $9.87 in furniture, $12.89 in iron and steel, $11.98 in iron-ore mining, $9.50 in leather, $12.85 in oil refining, $10.87 in shoes, $10.67 in sugar refining, but only $7.86 in cotton and $7.97 in woollen and worsted manufacturing. The same condition of affairs is shown by other races in different industries.

In the preceding statements an exhibit is made of the weekly earnings of immigrant industrial workers, and a comparison made with native Americans and immigrants of the second generation. The showing will not be complete, however, unless the status of the different nativity groups in the various branches of mining and manufacturing is also set forth. This is done in the table on p. 147, which shows, by general nativity and industry, the average weekly earnings of 220,390 male employees, eighteen years of age or over, and of 13,682 who were fourteen and under eighteen years of age.

Of the 13,682 male employees who were fourteen and under eighteen years of age, the average weekly earnings were $6.42. Among those of native birth the highest average weekly earnings, amounting to

AVERAGE AMOUNT OF WEEKLY EARNINGS OF MALE EMPLOYEES, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND INDUSTRY*

a Not computed, owing to small number involved. This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shut-downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

$10.05, are shown by those engaged in the manufacture of window-glass, and the lowest, $4.60, by silk-mill operatives. Of the foreign-born industrial workers in this age group, the highest average weekly earnings, $9.17, are exhibited by the iron-ore mine workers, and the lowest, $5.48, by the employees of silk goods manufacturing establishments. The considerably higher average weekly earnings shown by employees of copper mines and smelters and iron-ore mines, as contrasted with the earnings of employees of manufacturing establishments, are probably due to the fact that in mining, under existing methods, it is possible for a youth to do the same kind of work and receive approximately the same remuneration as an adult.

The table on page 149 shows, by general nativity and industry, the average amount of weekly earnings of 57,712 female employees eighteen years of age or over, and of 14,803 fourteen and under eighteen years of age.

The average weekly earnings for all females eighteen years of age or over are $7.96. Of those of native birth the highest average weekly earnings, $8.54, are exhibited by the employees of clothing manufacturing establishments, and the lowest, $5.66, by the workers in glass tableware factories. Of the total number of women wage-earners of foreign birth, the highest average amount of weekly earnings, $8.57, is shown by silk-mill operatives, and the lowest, $5.14, by those employed in the manufacture of tableware.

The average weekly earnings for all female employees fourteen and under eighteen years of age are only $5.46. Among both the native-born and foreignborn females who were working for wages the highest average weekly earnings are shown by those employed

AVERAGE AMOUNT OF WEEKLY EARNINGS OF FEMALE EMPLOYEES, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND INDUSTRY*

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shut-downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

in connection with the manufacture of agricultural implements and vehicles, and the lowest by silk-mill operatives.

Average weekly earnings are not available by general nativity for employees of oil refineries, cigar and

AVERAGE AMOUNT OF DAILY EARNINGS OF MALE EMPLOYEES, BY GENERAL NATIVITY AND INDUSTRY* 18 years of age or over.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

tobacco factories, slaughtering and meat-packing establishments, bituminous coal mines, and temporary or railroad and other construction work. The table which appears above, however, shows for these industries, according to general nativity, the average daily earnings of male employees who were eighteen years of age or over, and of those who were fourteen

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shut-downs or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.