chapters of that book. See Prov. xxv. Upon the miraculous retrogression of the shadow on Ahaz's dial, we need say little. Those who doubt the existence of a Deity, or deny his power over the material world, will not be convinced by any arguments. But those who believe that the Almighty, when he gave existence to matter, and subjected it to certain laws, did not thereby limit his own infinite power, will not think it more incredible, that he who created light by his word should invert the shadow of the gnomon, so as to make it appear to have gone ten degrees backward, than that a watchmaker should turn back the hour or minutehand of a clock, in a direction contrary to the natural motion which he himself has given it. How this was done, whether by a momentary retrograde motion given to the terrestrial globe, or only by an inversion of the usual motion of the solar rays upon the gnomon, it is neither necessary nor possible to determine. See AJALON. Upon the former supposition it must have been observed over one half of the globe. That it was however observed by the Chaldean astronomers at Babylon, seems evident from Merodach-Baladan's congratulatory embassy on Hezekiah's recovery. Hezekiah died in the fifty-fourth year of his age, and twenty-ninth of his reign, A. M. 3307. HIARBAS, a king of the Getulians, who made war against queen Dido. HIATION, n. s. Į Lat. hio, hiatus. The HIA'TUS, n. s. act of gaping; an aperture; a breach; the opening of the mouth by the suc cession of an initial to a final vowel. Men observing the continual hiation, or holding open the cameleon's mouth, conceive the intention thereof to receive the aliment of air; but this is also occasioned by the greatness of the lungs. Browne. Those hiatus's are at the bottom of the sea, whereby the abyss below opens into and communicates with it. Woodward. The hiatus should be avoided with more care in poetry than in oratory; and I would try to prevent it, unless where the cutting it off is more prejudicial to the sound than the hiatus itself. Pope. HIATUS is particularly applied to those yerses where one word ends with a vowel, and the following word begins with one, and thereby occasions the mouth to be more open, and the sound to be very harsh. It is also used in speaking of MSS., to denote their defects, or the parts that have been lost or effaced. HIBERNAL, adj. Lat. hibernus. Belong ing to the winter. This star should rather manifest its warming power in the Winter, when it remains conjoined with the sun in its hibernal conversion. Browne. HIBERNIA, one of the ancient names of Ireland, is derived by some from hibernum tempus, winter time, because in that season the nights are long there. But it appears more probable that it has been derived from Erin, the name given to the island by the original inhabitants; whence Jerna, the name given it by Claudian, Iverna by Ptolemy, and Juverna by Juvenal, are evidently derived. See IRELAND. HIBISCUS, Syrian mallow, a genus of the polyandria order, and monadelphia class of plants; natural order thirty-seventh, columni feræ: CAL. double, the exterior one polyphyllous: CAPS. quinquelocular and polyspermous. Of this genus there are thirty-six species; the most remarkable are, 1. H. abelmoschus, the musk-seeded hibiscus, a native of the West Indies, where the French cultivate great quantities of it. The plant rises with an herbaceous stalk three or four feet high, sending out two or three side branches, garnished with large leaves cut into six or seven acute angles, sawed on their edges, having long footstalks, and placed alternately. The stalks and leaves are very hairy. The flowers come out from the wings of the leaves upon pretty long foot-stalks which stand erect. They are large, of a sulphur color, with purple bottoms; and are succeeded by pyramidical five-cornered capsules, which open in five cells, filled with large kidney-shaped seeds of a very musky odor. It is annual in this country, though biennial in places where it is native. It is propagated by seeds, and is cultivated in the West Indies by the French for the sake of its seeds. 2. H. esculentus, the eatable hibiscus, rises to five or six feet; has broad five-parted leaves, and large yellow flowers. The okra or pod is from two to six inches long, and one inch diameter. When ripe it opens longitudinally in five different places, and discharges a number of heart-shaped seeds. It is a native of the West Indies, where it is cultivated in gardens and enclosures as an article of food. The whole of it is mucilaginous, especially the pods. 'These,' Dr. Wright informs us, are gathered green, cut into pieces, dried, and sent home as presents, or are boiled in broths or soups for food. It is the chief ingredient in the celebrated pepper-pot of the West Indies, which is a rich olla; the other articles are either flesh meat, or dried fish and capsicum. This dish is very palatable and nourishing. As a medicine, okra is employed in all cases where emollients and lubricants are indicated.' 3. H. mutabilis, the changeable rose, has a soft spungy stem, which, by age, becomes ligneous and pithy. It rises to the height of twelve or fourteen feet, sending out branches towards the top, which are hairy, garnished with heartshaped leaves, cut into five acute angles on their borders, and slightly sawed on their edges; of a lucid green on their upper side, but pale below. The flowers are produced from the wings of the leaves; the single are composed of five petals, which spread open, and are at first white, but afterwards change to a bluish-rose color, and, as they decay, turn purple. In the West Indies all these alterations happen on the same day, and the flowers themselves are of no longer duration, but in Britain the changes are not so sudden. The flowers are surrounded by short, thick, blunt capsules, which are very hairy; having five cells, which contain many small kidneyshaped seeds, having a fine plume of fibrous down adhering to them. 4. H. rosa Sinensis, the China rose, has an arborescent stem, and egg-pointed sawed leaves. It is a native of the East Indies; but, the seeds having been carried by the French to their West India settlements, it thence obtained the name 01 Martinico rose. Of this there are the double and single flowering kinds; the seeds of the first frequently produce plants that have only single flowers, but the latter seldom vary to the double kind. 5. H. Syriacus, commonly called althæa frutex, is a native of Syria. It rises with shrubby stalks to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many woody branches covered with a smooth gray bark, garnished with oval spear-shaped leaves, whose upper parts are frequently divided into three lobes. The flowers come out from the wings of the stalk at every joint of the same year's shoot. They are large, and shaped like those of the mallow, having five large roundish petals which join at their base, spreading open at the top in the shape of an open bell. These appear in August; and, if the season is not too warm, there will be a succession of flowers till September. The flowers are succeeded by short capsules with five cells, filled with kidney-shaped seeds; but, unless the season proves warm, they will not ripen in this country. Of this species there are four or five varieties, differing in the color of their flowers: the most common has pale purple flowers with dark bottoms; another has bright purple flowers with black bottoms; a third has white flowers with purple bottoms; and a fourth variegated flowers with dark bottoms. There are also two with variegated leaves, which are by some much esteemed. All these varieties are very ornamental in a garden. They may be propagated either by seeds or cuttings. The seeds may be sown in pots filled with light earth about the end of March, and the young plants transplanted about the same time next year. They succeed in full ground, but must be covered in winter whilst young, otherwise they are apt to be destroyed. 6. H. tiliaceus, the maho tree, is a native of both the Indies. It rises with a woody, pithy stem, ten feet high, dividing into several branches towards the top, which are covered with a woolly down, garnished with heart-shaped leaves ending in acute points They are of a lucid green on their upper side, hoary on the under side, full of large veins, and are placed alternately. The flowers are produced in loose spikes at the end of the branches, and are of a whitish-yellow color. They are succeeded by short acuminated capsules, opening in five cells, filled with kidneyshaped seeds. It is propagated by seeds. The inner rind is very strong, and of great esteem. Dampier says, They (the Musketo Indians) make their lines, both for fishing and striking, with the bark of maho, which is a sort of tree or shrub that grows plentifully all over the West Indies, and whose bark is made up of strings or threads very strong: you may draw it off either in flakes or small threads, as you have occasion. It is fit for any manner of cordage, and privateers often make their rigging of it.' 7. H. trionum, Venice mallow, or flower of an hour, is a native of some parts of Italy, and has long been cultivated in the gardens of this country. It rises with a branching stalk a foot and a half high, having many short spines, which are soft, and do not appear unless closely viewed. The leaves are divided into three lobes, which are deeply jagged almost to the midrib. The flowers come out at the joints of the stalks, upon pretty long foot-stalks. They have a double empalement: the outer being composed of ten long narrow leaves, which join at their base; the inner is of one thin leaf swollen like a bladder, cut into five acute segments at the top, having many longitudinal purple ribs, and is hairy. Both these are permanent, and enclose the capsule after the flower is past. The flower is composed of five obtuse petals, which spread open at the top; the lower part forming an open bellshaped flower. These have dark purple bottoms, but are of a pale sulphur color above. In hot weather the flowers continue but a few hours open, whence the English name; but there is a succession of flowers that open daily for a considerable time. It is propagated by seeds, which should be sown where the plants are designed to remain, for they do not well bear transplanting. They require no other culture than to be kept free from weeds, and thinned where they are too close; and, if the seeds are permitted to scatter, the plants will come up fully as well as if they had been sown. HICCIUS Doccius, n. s. 'Corrupted, I fancy, from hic est doctus, this, or here is the learned man.'-Dr. Johnson. Used by jugglers of themselves. A cant word for a juggler; one that plays fast and loose. An old dull sot, who told the clock Hudibras So by an abbey's skeleton of late I heard an echo supererogate Through imperfection, and the voice restore, Cleaveland. Hudibras. Quoth he, to bid me not to love, Is to forbid my pulse to move, My beard to grow, my ears to prick up, Or, when I'm in a fit, to kickup. Sneezing cureth the hiccough, and is profitable unto women in hard labour. Browne's Vulgar Errours. If the stomach be hurt, singultus, or hiccough follows. Wiseman. HICCOUGH, OF HICKUP, is a spasmodic affection of the stomach, oesophagus, and muscles subservient to deglutition, arising sometimes from some particular stimulus acting on the stomach, œsophagus, diaphragm, &c., and sometimes from a general affection of the nervous system. See MEDICINE. HICETAS of Syracuse, an ancient philosopher and astronomer, who taught that the sun and stars were motionless, and that the earth moved round them. This is mentioned by Cicero, and possibly gave the first hint of the true system to Copernicus. He flourished about A. A. C. 344. HICKES (George), a celebrated English divine, born in 1642. In 1681 he was made Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night: God said, Let Newton be, and all was light. Pope. The boys and girls would venture to come and play at hide and seek in my hair. Gulliver's Travels. HIDAGE, HIDAGIUM, was an extraordinary tax payable to the kings of England for every hide of land. This taxation was levied not only in money, but in provision, armour, &c.; and when the Danes landed in Sandwich, in 994, king Ethelred taxed all his lands by hides; so that every 310 hides found one ship furnished, and every eight hides furnished one jack and one saddle, to arm for the defence of the kingdom, &c. Sometimes the word hidage was used for the being quit of that tax; which was also called hidegild, from the Saxon, a price or ransom paid to save one's skin or hide from beating.' king's chaplain, and two years after dean of Worcester. The death of Charles II. stopped his farther preferment; for, though his church principles were very high, he manifested too much zeal againt popery to be a favorite with James II. On the revolution, he with many others was deprived for refusing to take the oaths to king William and queen Mary; and soon after, archbishop Sancroft and his colleagues, considering how to maintain episcopal succession among those who adhered to them, Dr. Hickes carried over a list of the deprived clergy to king James; and with his sanction a private consecration was performed, at which it is said lord Clarendon was present. Dr. Hickes was consecrated suffragan bishop of Thetford, and died in 1715. He wrote 1. Institutiones Grammatica Anglo-Saxonicæ, et Mæso-Gothicæ. 2. Antiqua Literatura Septentrionalis. 3. Two treatises, one of the Christian priesthood; the other of the dignity of the episcopal order. 4. Jovian, or an answer to Julian the Apostate. Three volumes of sermons with many temporary controversial pieces on politics and religion. HICK'WALL, n. s. Į HICK'WAY, n. s. HID, part. Old words for a wood Specker. Sax. þidan; Belg. HID'DEN, part. hoedan; Teut. huten. HIDE, v. a. & v. n. To conceal ; to withHIDE AND SEEK, n. s. hold or withdraw HI'DER, n. s. from sight or knowledge: to lie concealed: hide and seek, a play in which some hide themselves and others seek them. For fere almost out of his wit he brayde, And to his goddes pitously he preide For socour; but it mighte not betide: For drede of his him thoughte that he diede, And ran into a garden him to hide. Chaucer. The Monkes Tale. Avaunt, and quit my sight; let the earth hide thee! Shakspeare. His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff. Id. Merchant of Venice. Thus fame shall be atchieved, renown on earth; And what most merits fame, in silence hid. Milton. A fox, hard run, begged of a countryman to help him to some hiding place. L'Estrange. With what astonishment and veneration may we look into our own souls, where there are such hidden stores of virtue and knowledge, such inexhausted sources of perfection? Addison. Hell trembles at the sight, and hides its head In utmost darkness, while on earth each heart Is filled with peace. Rowe's Royal Convert. HIDALGO, in modern history, a title given in Spain to all who are of noble family. The Hidalgos claim a descent from those valiant soldiers who retired into Castile, and the mountains of Asturias, and other remote parts of Spain, on the invasion of the Moors, where, having fortified themselves, they successively descended into the plains, in proportion to the success of their arms: from the notoriety of their persons, or the lands they became possessed of, they acquired the appellation of Hidalgos notorios, Hidalgos de solor conocido, or de casa solariega. Otalora says that the true meaning of Hidalgos de solar conocido is explained by the laws of Castile to be a wellknown mansion or possession, the nature of which is particularly explained in the laws of Perditas, which describe three sorts of tenures called devisa, solariega, and behetria. By the first, lands are devised by the ancestor; solariega is a tenure upon another person's manor, and obliges the owner to receive the lord of the fee when necessity obliges him to travel; and behetria is of the nature of an allodium. In proportion as these aborigines gained ground on the Moors, and increased in their numbers, many private persons distinguished themselves by their valor, and obtained testimonies of their services called cartas de merced, which served them as a foundation of their birth and good descent, without which documents their posterity could not make it appear; and if, from lapse of time, or other unavoidable accidents, such proofs should happen to be lost or destroyed, the law affords them a remedy, by a declaration, importing, that such persons as are supposed to have had such certificates, may be relieved by making it appear that their ancestors, time immemorial, have always been held and reputed as Hidalgos, and enjoyed the privileges of such, from a strong presumption in their favor; the possession of land having equal force to any other document; which is fully set forth in the Pragmatica of Cordova. who first kindled the insurrection in Mexico, HIDALGO Y COSTILLA (Don Miguel), a priest, which has resulted in the independence of that country. He was the resident clergyman in the and regarded as a man of talents in early life. town of Dolores, in the intendencia of Goanaxoato, His intercourse with the Indian population af forded him opportunities of perceiving their dislike to the Spaniards; and this led him to from the plan of a general revolt. Circumstances hastened the execution of the scheme; and captain Allende, having collected a few soldiers, marched to Dolores, where he arrived on the 10th of September 1810, and joined Hidalgo. Allende and the priest, at the head of the insurgents, now pillaged the houses of the Spaniards in the town of San Miguel el Grande; and on the 29th of September gained possession of Goanaxoato, in the treasury of which town they found a large quantity of coin and silver bars. Don J. Villegas, appointed viceroy by the regency of Cadiz, arrived at this period at Mexico, and sent a body of troops against Hidalgo. His measures at first however were ineffectual; Hidalgo attached the Indians to his cause, by repealing the tax called tributos, which they had paid ever since their original conquest. From Goanaxoato he marched on Valladolid October the 20th, and was joyfully received by two regiments of militia. Soon after, being proclaimed generalissimo of the Mexican forces, he found himself at the head of eighty regiments, of 1000 men each. He now, therefore, proceeded towards Mexico, when Villegas, having but a handful of troops for its defence, applied to the archbishop of Mexico, and to the inquisition, for a sentence of excommunication against Hidalgo and his adherents. This awed the Mexicans from joining the insurgents; disappointed their expectations of assistance; and Hidalgo became irresolute. After having waited in the neighbourhood of the capital till the viceroy had recalled his troops, he began a retreat. At Aculco, however, he was overtaken and completely defeated, on the 7th of November. He then retired to Goanaxoato, whither he was followed by the Spanish army, who took the place with great slaughter. Hidalgo fled to Guadalaxara; and on the 17th of January, 1811, suffered a further and ruinous defeat at the bridge of Calderon. One of his own officers delivered him up on the 21st of March, 1811; and having previously been degraded from the priesthood he was put to death on the 27th of July that year. HIDDENSOE, a small island of Pomerania, off the west coast of the island of Rugen. The pasture is tolerable; but the inhabitants. who amount to about 500, are chiefly fishermen. It is ten miles long and two broad. Long. 13° 10′ E., lat. 54° 35′ N. HIDE, n. s. Sax. þýðe; Belg. HIDE BOUND, adj. hinde; Teut. haut. The skin of an animal either raw or dressed; the human skin in contempt; a certain quantity of land: hidebound, being in the state in which the bark will not give way to the growth; harsh; untractable; niggardly; penurious. A horse is Isaid to be hidebound when his skin sticks so hard to his ribs and back, that you cannot with your hand pull up or loosen the one from the other. It sometimes comes by poverty and bad keeping; at other times from over-riding, or a surfeit. Oh, tiger's heart, wrapt in a woman's hide! How could'st thou drain the life-blood of the child? Shakspeare. A root of a tree may be hidebound, but it will not keep open without somewhat put into it. Bacon. His mantle, now his hide, with rugged hairs Cleaves to his back; a famished face he bears. Dryden. The trembling weapon past Through nine bull hides, each under other placed On his broad shield. Id. Pisistratus was first to grasp their hands, And spread soft hides upon the yellow sands. Pope. Like stinted hidebound trees, that just have got Sufficient sap at once to bear and rot. Swift. HIDE is particularly applied to the skin of large cattle, as bullocks, cows, horses, &c. Hides are either raw, that is just as taken off the carcase: salted, or seasoned with salt, alum, and saltpetre, to prevent their spoiling: or curried and tanned. See TANNING. HIDE OF LAND was as much as would maintain a family: some call it sixty, some eighty, and others 100 acres. HID'EOUS, adj. HID'EOUSLY, adv. HID'EOUSNESS, n. s. Fr. hideur. Horrible; dreadful; deformed; shocking: it is used by Spenser in a sense not now retained; detestable. With that the chorle his clubbe gan shake; Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. Id. The Knightes Tale. O hideous hanger of dominion! To welcome the condition of the time; Too hideous to be shewn. Id. Othello. I fled, and cryed out death! Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sighed From all her caves, and back resounded death. Milton. If he could have turned himself to as many forms as Proteus, every form should have been made hideSidney. Her eyes grew stiffened, and with sulphur burn, Her hideous looks and hellish form return; Her curling snakes with hissings fill the place, And open all the furies of her face. Dryden. fane; but the sense is intelligible. This, in the present application, is hideously pro Collier's Defence. the sea with such vehemence, that it puts the sea into "Tis forced through the hiatuses at the bottom of the most horrible disorder, making it rage and roar with the most hideous and amazing noise. Woodward's Natural History. What avails it that indulgent heaven From mortal eyes, has wrapt the woes to come If we, ingenious, to torment ourselves, Grow pale at hideous fictions of our own? Armstrong. HIDJELLE, HIJALI, or INGELLEE, a town in the province of Bengal, situated on the west bank of the Hooghly River, fifty-five miles S.S.W. from Calcutta. During the Mogul government it was the capital of a foujdarry or military station, comprehending 1098 square miles. This district is situated on the low margin of the river Hooghly, where it unites with the bay of Bengal. It was first dismembered from the Soubah of Orissa, and annexed to Bengal, in the reign of Shah Jehan; and is very productive in grain and salt. The salt land is that portion exposed to the overflowing of the tides, usually called the churs or banks; where mounds of earth, strongly impregnated with saline particles, named kalaries or working-places, are formed. Each of these heaps is estimated on a medium to yield 233 maunds (eighty 'bs. each) of salt, requiring the labor of seven manufacturers; who, by an easy process of filtration and boiling, are enabled to complete their operations from November to June, before the setting in of the periodical rains." Hamilton. HIE, v. n. Sax. biegan; Goth heya. To hasten; to go in haste. Thus in hir doubtes as they stode- The youth, returning to his mistress hies. Dryden. His folded flocks secure, the shepherd home Hies merry hearted, and by turns relieves The ruddy milk-maid of her brimming pail. Thomson's Seasons. HIELMAR, a lake between Sudermannland and Nericia, in the central part of Sweden, communicating with the lake of Malar. It is about forty miles long, but of small width; and contains a number of rocks and islands. Sixty miles west of Stockholm. HIERARCH, n. s. Fr. hierarque; Gr.iepos, HIERARCHICAL, adj. a priest, and apxos chief. HIERARCHY, n. s. The chief of a sacred order hierarchy, a sacred government; rank, or subordination of holy beings; the ecclesiastical establishment. Jehovah, from the summit of the sky, Environed with his winged hierarchy, The world surveyed. Sandys. Out of the hierarchies of angels sheen, The gentle Gabriel called he from the rest. Donne, Fairfax. The blessedest of mortal wights, now questionless the highest saint in the celestial hierarchy, began to be so importuned, that a great part of the divine liturgy was addressed solely to her. Howel. Angels, by imperial summons called, Exalted to such power, and gave to rule, When an old Scotch covenanter shall be Id Martell. While the old Levitical hierarchy continued, it was part of the ministerial office to slay the sacrifices. South. Consider what I have written, from regard for the church established under the hierarchy of bishops. Swift. HIERACITES, in church history, Christian heretics in the third century: so called from their leader Hierax, a philosopher of Egypt; who taught that Melchisedek was the Holy Ghost, denied the resurrection, and condemned marriage. HIERACIUM, hawkweed; a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, and syngenesia class of plants; natural order forty-ninth, composite. The receptacle is naked: CAL. imbricated and ovate; the pappus simple and sessile. The most common species are, 1. H. aurantiacum, commonly called Grim the collier, has many oblong, oval, entire leaves, crowning the root; an upright, single, hairy, and almost leafless stalk, a foot high, terminated by reddish orange-colored flowers in a corymbus. These flowers have dark, oval, ash-colored, calyces; whence the name. This is the only species cultivated in gardens. It is propagated by seeds or parting the roots. The seed may be sown in autumn or spring. In June, when the plants are two or three inches high, they may be picked out and planted in beds, where they must be left till the next autumn, and then transplanted where they are to remain. 2. H. Pilos ella, the mouse-ear, has blossoms red on the outside, and pale yellow within; the cups set thick with black hairs. The flowers open at 8 A. M., and close about 2 P. M. It grows commonly in dry pastures in England; it has a milky juice, but is less bitter and astringent than is usual with plants of that class. It is reckoned hurtful to sheep. Goats eat it; sheep are not fond of it; horses and swine refuse it. 3. H. umbellatum grows to the height of three feet, with an erect and firm stalk, terminated with an umbel of yellow flowers. It is a native of Scotland, and grows in rough stony places, but is not very common. The flowers are |