ALLIANCE 21. QUERNALES, p. 289.

Ovary 2 or more celled. Ovules pendulous) 95. Corylaceæ, or Mastworts, p. 290

or peltate.

Ovary 1-celled. Ovule solitary, erect

ALLIANCE 22. GARRYALES, p. 294.

96. Juglandacea, or Juglands, p. 292

Flowers amentaceous. Leaves opposite, ex-97. Garryacea, or Garryads, p. 295

stipulate.

Flowers fascicled. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 98. Helwingiacea, or Helwingiads, p. 296

ALLIANCE 23. MENISPERMALES, p. 297.

99. Monimiacea, or Monimiads, p. 298

Albumen copious, solid. Seeds pendulous;}
embryo small, external. Stamens perigynous.j
Albumen copious, solid. Seeds erect. An- 100. Atherospermacea, or Plume-Nutmegs,
thers opening by recurved valves

Albumen copious, ruminated. Sepals united'
into a valvate cup

Albumen copious, solid. Seeds parietal; em-
bryo minute

Albumen copious, solid. Seeds pendulous ;)

p. 300

101. Myristicacea, or Nutmegs, p. 301

102. Lardizabalaceæ, or Lardizabalads, p. 303

embryo minute, internal. Stamens hypogy-103. Schizandraceæ, or Kadsurads, p. 305

nous

Albumen sparing, solid. Seeds amphitropal
embryo large

ALLIANCE 24. CUCURBITALES, p. 310.

104. Menispermacea, or Menispermads, p. 307

Fruit pulpy. Placentae strictly parietal. Mo- 105. Cucurbitaceæ, or Cucurbits, p. 311
nopetalous

Fruit dry. Placentae strictly parietal. Ape-106. Datiscaccæ, or Datiscads, p. 316

talous.

Fruit dry. Placentae projecting and meeting 107. Begoniaceæ, or Begoniads, p. 318
in the axis. Monodichlamydeous

ALLIANCE 25. PAPAYALES, p. 320.

Corolla monopetalous;

Corolla polypetalous;

throat

ALLIANCE 26. VIOLALES, p. 326.

without scales . .
with scales in the

108. Papayacea, or Papayads, p. 321
109. Pangiacea, or Pangiads, p. 323

Flowers scattered, apetalous or polypetalous.

Petals and stamens both hypogynous. Leaves 110. Flacourtiacea, or Bixads, p. 327
dotless, or with round dots only

Flowers in catkins, apetalous, scaly, polyga-111. Lacistemacea, or Lacistemads, p. 329

gynous, imbricated. Stamens on the stalk 114. Malesherbiacea, or Crownworts, p. 335 of the ovary. Styles simple, dorsal. Seeds without aril. Leaves without stipules Flowers polypetalous. Calyx many-leaved.) Petals perigynous. Anthers 1-celled. Fruit stipitate, consolidated, siliquose. Seeds without albumen. Stamens perigynous. Flowers polypetalous. Calyx many-leaved. Petals hypogynous. Stamens all perfect; anthers crested, and turned inwards. Fruit consolidated. Seeds albuminous Flowers polypetalous. Calyx tubular, fur-ì rowed. Petals hypogynous, unguiculate. Flowers polypetalous. Calyx many-leaved. Petals hypogynous. Styles distinct. Fruit consolidated. Seeds 00, basal, comose, without albumen

Flowers polypetalous. Calyx many-leaved.
Petals hypogynous. Stamens partly sterile

116. Violacea, or Violetworts, p. 338

117. Frankeniaceæ, or Frankeniads, p. 340

118. Tamaricacea, or Tamarisks, p. 341

and petaloid; anthers opposite the petals, 119. Sauvagesiacea, or Sauvageads, p. 343 naked, turned outwards. Fruit consolidated.

Seeds albuminous

Fruit 120. Crassulacea, or Houseleeks, p. 344

Flowers polypetalous or monopetalous. Calyx)
many-leaved. Petals hypogynous.
follicular, apocarpous

Flowers polypetalous. Petals perigynous, con-
torted. Styles forked. Leaves exstipulate.

121. Turneraceæ, or Turnerads, p. 347

ALLIANCE 27. CISTALES, p. 348.

Stamens not tetradynamous, generally indefi

nite. Flowers or . Seeds with albu-122. Cistacea, or Rock Roses, p. 349
men. Fruit closed up.

Stamens tetradynamous. Flowers ✔

Stamens not tetradynamous, definite. Flowers

123. Brassicaceæ, or Crucifers, p. 351

not tetramerous. Seeds without albumen. 124. Resedacea, or Weldworts, p. 356
Fruit usually open at the point.

ALLIANCE 28. MALVALES, p. 359.

Stamens columnar, all perfect. Anthers 2.

celled, turned outwards

Stamens monadelphous, in most cases partly
sterile. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards
Stamens free. Disk none. Seeds with albu-

125. Capparidacea, or Capparids, p. 357

126. Sterculiace, or Sterculiads, p. 360 127. Byttneriacea, or Byttneriads, p. 363

men. Embryo curved. Petals permanent. 128. Vivianiacea, or Vivianads, p. 365
Calyx ribbed

.

Stamens free.

Disk none.

Seeds without al

bumen. Embryo amygdaloid

Anthers 1

129. Tropaeolacea, or Indian Cresses, p. 366 130. Malvacea, or Mallowworts, p. 368

Stamens columnar, all perfect.

celled, turned inwards

Stamens free, on the outside a disk. Seeds 131. Tiliacea, or Lindenblooms, p. 371
with albumen. Embryo straight

ALLIANCE 29. SAPINDALES, p. 373.

Flowers complete, partially symmetrical."

Calyx valvate. Anthers 2- 4-celled, opening 132. Tremandraceæ, or Poreworts, p. 374 by pores.

Flowers complete (irregular), unsymmetrical."

Petals naked. Anthers 1-celled, opening by 133. Polygalacea, or Milkworts, p. 375
pores. Seeds carunculate.

Flowers complete, unsymmetrical, very irre-"

gular. Petals naked. Anthers opening

longitudinally. Carpels 3. Seeds winged. 134. Vochyacea, or Vochyads, p. 379

(In one case the ovary is adherent)

Flowers complete, partially symmetrical.

Calyx imbricated. Ovules ascending. Stig- 135. Staphyleaceæ, or Bladder Nuts, p. 381 mas simple. Leaves opposite, with stipules.

Flowers complete, unsymmetrical.
usually with an appendage or 0.
opening longitudinally. Carpels 3.
usually arillate, wingless

Flowers apetalous. Carpel solitary

Flowers complete, unsymmetrical.

Carpels 2. Seeds without an aril

naked or 0. Anthers opening longitudinally. 138. Aceracea, or Maples, p. 387

Flowers complete, partially symmetrical. Calyx'

imbricated. Petals naked, stalked. Ovules

hanging by cords. Stigmas simple. Em-139. Malpighiaccæ, or Malpighiads, p. 388 bryo usually convolute.

Flowers complete, partially symmetrical. Calyx)

imbricated. Petals with an appendage.140. Erythroxylaceæ, or Erythroxyls, p. 391
Ovules sessile, pendulous. Stigmas capitate.
Embryo straight

tals equilateral. Calyx unequal, permanent, 141. Dipteraccæ, or Dipterads, p. 393
winged. Anthers beaked. Fruit one-celled,
one-seeded.

Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules or
with very small ones. Flowers symmetrical.
Petals equilateral. Anthers versatile. Seeds
few or single. Stigmas on a long style
Leaves digitate, opposite. Flowers symmetri-`
cal. Petals equilateral. Stigmas sessile.
Seeds solitary. Embryo with an enormous
radicle

Leaves simple, opposite, without stipules.

142. Ternströmiacea, or Theads, p. 396

143. Rhizobolacea, or Rhizobols, p. 398

Flowers symmetrical. Petals equilateral. 144. Clusiacea, or Guttifers, p. 400

Anthers adnate, beakless. Seeds solitary

or few. Stigmas sessile, radiating.

Leaves simple, alternate, without stipules

Flowers unsymmetrical. Petals equilateral. 145. Marcgraviaceæ, or Marcgraviads, p. 403
Anthers versatile. Seeds innumerable, mi-
nute. Stigmas sessile.

Petals oblique, glandular. Seeds numerous,
naked. Styles long, distinct.

Petals oblique, glandless. Seeds few, shaggy.
Styles long, distinct.

146. Hypericaceæ, or Tutsans, p. 405

147. Reaumuriaceæ, or Reaumuriads, p. 407

ALLIANCE 31. NYMPHALES, p. 408.

Carpels united into a many-celled fruit, with
dissepimental placentæ

Carpels distinct. Albumen copious. Torus
absent

148. Nymphæacea, or Waterlilies, p. 409

149. Cabombacea, or Watershields, p. 412

Carpels distinct. Albumen 0. Torus honey-150. Nelumbiacea, or Waterbeans, p. 414 combed, very large

ALLIANCE 32. RANALES, p. 416.

Carpels distinct. Stipules large, convolute.
Corolla imbricated. Albumen homogeneous.

151. Magnoliacea, or Magnoliads, p. 417

Carpels distinct. Stipules 0. Corolla valvate. 152. Anonaceæ, or Anonads, p. 420

Albumen ruminate

Carpels distinct. Stipules 0. Corolla imbri

cated. Albumen homogeneous. Seeds aril-153. Dilleniaceæ, or Dilleniads, p. 423
late

Carpels distinct. Stipules 0. Corolla imbri-1

cated. Albumen homogeneous. Seeds with- 154. Ranunculaceæ, or Crowfoots, p. 425
out an aril .

Carpels consolidated. Calyx permanent. Pla

centæ axile

Carpels consolidated. Calyx deciduous. Pla
centæ usually parietal .

ALLIANCE 33. BERBERALES, p. 432.

J

Flowers regular and symmetrical. Placenta)

155. Sarracenniacea, or Sarraceniads, p. 429

156. Papaveraceæ, or Poppyworts, p. 430

parietal. Stamens alternate with the petals, 157. Droseracea, or Sundews, p. 433
or twice as many

Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical. Pla

centæ parietal. Stamens opposite the petals 158. Fumariacea, or Fumeworts, p. 435 Flowers regular, symmetrical. Placentæ sutu

ral. Stamens opposite the petals. Anthers 159. Berberidacea, or Berberids, p. 437

with recurved valves.

Flowers regular, symmetrical. Placenta axile."

Stamens opposite the petals. Anthers open- 160. Vitacea, or Vineworts, p. 439
ing longitudinally.

Flowers regular, symmetrical. Placentae axile

and parietal. Stamens alternate with the
petals. Ovules ascending or horizontal.
Corolla imbricated

Flowers regular, symmetrical. Placenta axile.

161. Pittosporaceæ, or Pittosporads, p. 441

Stamens alternate with the petals. Ovules 162. Olacaceae, or Olacads, p. 443
pendulous. Corolla valvate

Flowers regular, symmetrical. Placenta axile.

Stamens alternate with the petals if equal to 163. Cyrillaceæ, or Cyrillads, p. 445
them in number. Ovules pendulous. Co-
rolla imbricated

A LLIANCE 34. ERICALES, p. 446.

Flowers polypetalous. Stamens all perfect,)

monadelphous. Anthers 2-celled, with a 164. Humiriacea, or Humiriads, p. 447
long membranous connective.

Flowers monopetalous. Stamens all perfect,

free. Seeds with a firm skin. Anthers 165. Epacridacea, or Epacrids, p. 448
1-celled, opening longitudinally.

Flowers half-monopetalous. Stamens all per

fect, free. Seeds with a loose skin. Embryo 166. Pyrolacea, or Winter-greens, p. 45G
at the base of the albumen

Flowers polypetalous. Stamens half-sterile)
and scale-like, free. Seeds with a firm skin
Flowers half-monopetalous. Stamens all per-"

167. Francoaceæ, or Francoads, p. 451

fect, free. Seeds with a loose skin or wing. 168. Monotropaceæ, or Fir-rapes, p. 452 Embryo at the apex of the albumen

Flowers monopetalous. Stamens all perfect,

free. Seeds with a firm or loose skin. An- 169. Ericaceæ, or Heathworts, p. 453
thers 2-celled, opening by pores.

ALLIANCE 35. RUTALES, p. 456.

Fruit consolidated, succulent, indehiscent.

Petals imbricated. Stamens free, or nearly 170. Aurantiaceæ, or Citronworts, p. 457
Leaves dotted

80.

Fruit consolidated, hard, dry, somewhat val-"

vular. Petals valvate. Stamens free. Leaves 171. Amyridaceæ, or Amyrids, p. 459
generally dotted

Fruit consolidated, berried, or capsular. Sta

172. Cedrelacea, or Cedrelads, p. 461

mens deeply monadelphous. Seeds few, 173. Meliacea, or Meliads, p. 463

wingless. Leaves dotless.

Fruit apocarpous. Ovule single, suspended) 174. Anacardiacea, or Anacards, or Tereby a cord rising from the base of the carpel.) binths, p. 465

Fruit apocarpous. Ovules collateral, ascend-
ing, orthotropal, sessile.

Fruit finally apocarpous, few-seeded, with the

} 175. Connaraceæ, or Connarads, p. 468

pericarp separating in two layers. Ovules 176. Rutacea, or Rueworts, p 469

sessile, pendulous. Flowers.

Fruit finally apocarpous, few-seeded, with the

pericarp separating in two layers. Ovules 177. Xanthoxylacee, or Xanthoxyls, p. 472 sessile, pendulous. Flowers --9

Fruit finally apocarpous, one-seeded, with the

pericarp not laminating, and a succulent 178. Ochnacea, or Ochnads, p. 474

conical torus

Fruit finally apocarpous, one-seeded, with the
pericarp not laminating, and a dry incon-
spicuous torus. Albumen wanting. Leaves
alternate, without stipules.

Fruit finally apocarpous, few-seeded, with the
pericarp not laminating, and a dry incon-
spicuous torus. Albumen present. Leaves
opposite, with stipules.

Fruit finally apocarpous, many-seeded. Flow-
ers polypetalous

Fruit finally apocarpous, many-seeded. Flow-
ers apetalous, very imperfect.

ALLIANCE 36. GERANIALES, p. 484.

Flowers symmetrical. Styles distinct. Carpels)

179. Simarubaceæ, or Quassiads, p. 476

180. Zygophyllacea, or Beancapers, p. 478

181. Elatinacea, or Water-peppers, p. 480

182. Podostemacea, or Podostemads, p. 482

longer than the torus. Seeds with little or 183. Linacea, or Flaxworts, p. 485
no albumen

Flowers regular, unsymmetrical, with a perma

nent cup-like involucre. Stamens monadel- 184. Chlanacea, or Chlenads, p. 486
phous. Albumen abundant

Flowers symmetrical. Styles distinct. Carpels

longer than the torus. Seeds with abundant 185. Oxalidacea, or Oxalids, p. 488
albumen

Flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical,

without an involucre. Stamens distinct. 186. Balsaminacea, or Balsams, p. 490
Albumen none.

Flowers usually symmetrical. Styles and car-1
pels combined round a long beaked torus. .

Calyx and corolla usually both present and
symmetrical (4 and 4, or 5 and 5), the latter
conspicuous. Ovules amphitropal. Leaves
opposite, without stipules.

Calyx and corolla usually both present and

187. Geraniaceæ, or Cranesbills, p. 493

188. Caryophyllaceæ, or Silenads, p. 496

symmetrical (4 and 4, or 5 and 5), the latter 189. Illecebracea, or Knotworts, p. 499
rudimentary. Ovules amphitropal. Leaves
with scarious stipules

Calyx and corolla both present and unsym

metrical (2 and 5), the latter usually con-190. Portulacea, or Purslanes, p. 500
spicuous. Ovules amphitropal.

alternate, succulent, without stipules

Leaves

Calyx only present, but often coloured. Ovules 191. Polygonacea, or Buckwheats, p. 502 orthotropal. Nut usually triangular

ALLIANCE 38. CHENOPODALES, p. 505.

Sepals united into a long (often coloured)

plaited tube, which separates from its base,192. Nyctaginaceæ, or Nyctagos, p. 506
the latter becoming hard, and forming a
spurious pericarp.

Sepals separate, flat.

Stamens alternate with t
the sepals or 00. Carpels several (or 1)
Sepals separate or nearly so, flat. Stamens
opposite the sepals. Anthers often 1-celled.
Ovary 1, often several-seeded. (Flowers
scarious, surrounded by imbricated bracts)
Sepals separate, or nearly so, flat. Stamens
opposite the sepals Anthers 2-celled. Ovary
1, always one-seeded. (Flowers herbaceous,
naked)

ALLIANCE 39. PIPERALES, p. 514.

Carpel solitary. Ovule erect. Embryo lying)

193. Phytolaccacea, or Phytolaccads, p. 509

194. Amarantaceæ, or Amaranths, p. 510

195. Chenopodiacea, or Chenopods, p. 512

in vitellus. Leaves opposite or alternate, 196. Piperaceæ, or Pepperworts, p. 515 with or without stipules

Carpel solitary. Ovule suspended. Embryo

naked. Leaves opposite, with intermediate 197. Chloranthacea, or Chloranths, p. 519 stipules

Carpels several, distinct. Ovule erect. Em

bryo lying in vitellus.

with stipules

ALLIANCE 40. FICOIDALES, p. 523.

Petals absent. Sepals distinct. Fruit inclosed)

in a membranous or succulent calyx. Carpel 199. Basellacea, or Basellads, p. 524
single, solitary. Seed erect

Petals numerous, conspicuous. Carpels seve-
ral, consolidated

Petals absent. Carpels several, consolidated
Petals absent Sepals united into a tube.)
Carpel single, solitary. Fruit inclosed in
the hardened calyx tube

ALLIANCE 41. DAPHNALES, p. 529.

Anthers bursting lengthwise. Apetalous or
polypetalous. Ovule solitary, suspended.
Calyx imbricated.

Anthers bursting lengthwise.

Ovules erect. Calyx valvate.

Apetalous.

.

200. Mesembryacea, or Ficoids, p. 525
201. Tetragoniacea, or Aizoons, p. 527
202. Scleranthacea, or Scleranths, p. 528

203. Thymelacea, or Daphnads, p. 530
204. Proteacea, or Proteads, p. 582

Anthers bursting by recurved valves. Leaves 205. Lauraceaæ, or Laurels, p. 535

perfect. Fruit naked

Anthers bursting by recurved valves.

mere colourless scales.

Leaves

Fruit buried in a 206. Cassythacea, or Dodder-laurels, p. 538

succulent permanent calyx.

ALLIANCE 42. ROSALES, p. 539.

Flowers consisting of numerous imbricated
scales. Cotyledons convolute

Flowers polypetalous (or apetalous, nearly

207. Calycanthacea, or Calycanths, p. 540

or quite regular. Carpel solitary. Style 208. Chrysobalanacea, or Chrysobalans, p. 542 proceeding from the base of the ovary.

Flowers polypetalous (or apetalous), papi

lionaceous or leguminous. Carpel solitary,209. Fabacea, or Leguminous plants, p. 544 with the style proceeding from the apex of

the ovary

Flowers polypetalous, regular, drupaceous.

Carpel solitary, with the style proceeding 210. Drupaceæ, or Almondworts, p. 557

in a hardened calyx-tube forming a false 212. Sanguisorbaceæ, or Sanguisorbs, p. 561 pericarp

Flowers polypetalous. Carpels free from the

calyx, and quite or nearly so from each 213. Rosacea, or Roseworts, p. 563
other •

ALLIANCE 43. SAXIFRAGALES, p. 566.

Styles distinct. Leaves alternate

214. Saxifragaceæ, or Saxifrages, p. 567

Styles distinct. Leaves opposite, without) 215. Hydrangeaceæ, or Hydrangrads, p. 569

stipules

Styles distinct. Leaves opposite, with large
interpetiolar stipules.

Styles consolidated. Calyx many-leaved.
Albumen 0. Leaves alternate

Styles consolidated. Calyx tubular, perma

216. Cunoniacea, or Cunoniads, p 571

217. Brexiacea, or Brexiads, p. 573

nent, with the petals in the margin. Albu- 218. Lythracea, or Loosestrifes, p. 574
men 0. Leaves opposite

ALLIANCE 44. RHAMNALES, p. 577.

Flowers apetalous. Ovary composed of 41

carpels. Calyx tubular, with definite di-219. Pencace, or Sarcocollaás, p. 577
visions. Cotyledons consolidated

Flowers apetalous Ovary composed of 2)

carpels. Calyx tubular, with a definite 220. Aquilariaceæ, or Aquilariads, p. 579 number of divisions. Cotyledons amygda

loid

Flowers apetalous. Ovary composed of 2)

carpels. Calyx imperfect, and irregularly ( 221. Ulmacea, or Elmworts, p. 580
divided at the edge. Cotyledons thin and
leafy

Flowers polypetalous. Calyx valvate. Sta-
mens opposite petals. Seeds erect.

Flowers polypetalous. Calyx valvate. Sta

222. Rhamnacea, or Rhamnads, p. 581

mens alternate with petals. Seeds pendu-223. Chailletiaceæ, or Chailletiads, p. 583
lous.

Flowers polypetalous. Calyx imbricated.
Stamens (3) monadelphous

Flowers polypetalous. Calyx imbricated.
Stamens () distinct

224. Hippocrateacea, or Hippocrateads, p. 584

1.225. Celastraceæ, or Spindle-trees, p. 586

Flowers monopetalous. Stamens episepa- 226. Stackhousiacea, or Stackhousiads, p, 589

lous.

Flowers monopetalous. Stamens epipeta-"

lous. Ovules ascending. Radicle short. 227. Sapotaccæ, or Sapotads, p 590
Cotyledons amygdaloid.