45. Simaroubeæ, 476 46. Ochnaceæ, 474

CALYCIFLORE.

Petals free or more or less
united, always perigy-
nous or inserted on the
calyx.

47. Frangulaceæ, 581
48. Samydeæ, 330
49. Zanthoxyleæ, 472
50. Juglandeæ, 292
51. Terebinthaceæ, 465
52. Leguminosæ, 544
53. Rosaceæ, 563
54. Salicariæ, 574
55. Tamariscineæ, 341
56. Melastomeæ, 731
57. Myrtineæ, 734
58. Combretaceae, 717
59. Cucurbitaceæ, 311
60. Loaseæ, 744
61. Onagrarieæ, 724
62. Ficoïdeæ, 525
63. Paronychieæ, 510
64. Portulaceæ, 500
65. Nopaleæ, 746
66. Grossulaceæ, 750
67. Crassulaceæ, 344

84. Ericineæ, 453

COROLLIFLORE.
Petals united into an hy:
pogynous corolla, or not
attached to the calyx.
85. Myrsineæ, 647
86. Sapoteæ, 590
87. Ternstromieæ, 396
88. Ebenaceæ, 595
89. Oleineæ, 616
90. Jasmineæ, 650
91. Strychneæ, 602
92. Apocyneæ, 599
93. Gentianeæ, 612
94. Bignoniaceæ, 675
95. Sesameæ, 669
96. Polemonideæ, 635
97. Convolvulaceæ, 630
98. Boragineæ, 655
99. Solaneæ, 618
100. Antirrhineæ, 681
101. Rhinanthaceæ, 681
102. Labiatæ, 659
103. Myoporineæ, 665
104. Pyrenaceæ, 663
105. Acanthaceæ, 678
106. Lentibularieæ, 686
107. Primulaceæ, 644
108. Globularieæ, 666

B. MONOCHLAMYDEÆ.

Perianth simple, or whose
calyx and corolla form,
only one envelope.
109. Plumbagineæ, 640
110. Plantagineæ, 642
111. Nyctagineæ, 506
112. Amaranthacea, 510
113. Chenopodeæ, 512
114. Begoniaceæ, 318
115. Polygoneæ, 502
116. Laurineæ, 535
117. Myristiceæ, 301
118. Proteaceæ, 532
119. Thymeleæ, 530
120. Santalaceæ, 787
121. Elæagneæ, 257
122. Aristolochie, 792
124. Monimieæ, 298
123.
125. Urticeæ, 260
126. Piperitæ, 515
127. Amentaceæ, 254
128. Coniferæ, 226.

Euphorbiaceæ, 274

2. Endogens or Mono-
cotyledons; that is to
say, plants whose ves-
sels are arranged in
bundles, the youngest|
being in the middle of
the trunk, and whose
embryo is furnished
with solitary or alter-
nate cotyledons.

A. PHANEROGAMS.
Fructification visible, re-
gular.

129. Cycadeæ, 223
130. Hydrocharideæ, 141
131. Alismaceæ, 209
132. Orchideæ, 173
133. Drymyrhizeæ, 165
134. Musaceæ, 163

1825. AGARDH, Carl von.

135. Irideæ, 159
136. Hæmodoraceæ, 151
137. Amaryllideæ, 155
138. Hemerocallideæ, 200
139.? Dioscoreæ, 214
140. Smilaceæ, 215
141. Liliaceæ, 200
142. Colchicaceæ, 198
143. Junceæ, 191
144. Commelineæ, 188
145. Palmæ, 133
146. Pandaneæ, 130
147. Typhaceæ, 126
148. Aroïdeæ, 127
149. Cyperaceæ, 117
150. Gramineæ, 106

un

B. CRYPTOGAMS. Fructi-
fication hidden,
known or irregular.
151. Naïades, 143
152. Equisetaceæ, 61
153. Marsileaceæ, 71
154. Lycopodineæ, 69
155. Filices, 78

II. CELLULAR OR ACOTY-
PLANTS;

LEDONOUS

that is to say, composed
of cellular tissue only,
not furnished with ves-
sels, and whose embryo
is without cotyledons.

A. FOLIACEAE, having
leaf-like expansions,
and known sexes.
156. Musei, 64
157. Hepaticæ, 58
B. APHYLLE, not having
leaf-like
expansions,
and no known sexes.

158. Lichenes, 45
159. Hypoxyla, 29
160. Fungi, 29
161. Algae, 8

-(Classes Plantarum).

This is a duodecimo pamphlet of 22 pages, with a coloured map, and is a recapitulation of the views of classification promulgated by its author between 1821 and 1826, in his Aphorismi Botanici. The object is to group Natural Orders in Classes, that is to say, in divisions subordinate to the primary ramifications of a system, and equivalent to my Alliances. "Classes," says Bishop Agardh, "should be formed by the same rules and on the same principles as Genera and Orders; and therefore not by the breaking up of higher groups, but by the gathering together of lower groups. Yet, up to this time, all the so-called natural classes of plants have been formed upon an opposite principle, with the exception of the arrangement of Batsch.- -We must distinguish, with Linnæus, between the character of a plant and its affinity. The former is derived from the latter, and not vice versâ. Plants will sometimes agree in very few characters, which nevertheless are bound together by the strongest possible affinity. For instance, Ceratonia is very different from Leguminous plants, and Fraxinus from Jasmines; yet they are nearly allied."

Agardh's primary divisions are nine; namely,

But he adds, that the perigynous and discigynous structures run together, and that no fixed difference can be found between the monopetalous and polypetalous conditions. The Classes or Alliances which are formed within these primary groups are contrived without sufficient regard to the definitions which precede them, and by which alone they are to be recognised. In fact, the principle of disregarding characters and trusting

merely to (presumed) affinity, is carried to such a length as to diminish the value of the groups; and hence, no doubt, Agardh's method has never been adopted, notwithstanding its merits in some respects.

He describes, in the following words, what he conceives to be the fundamental principles of natural classification :

"Forma normalis in omnibus plantis non æque perspicua, sed sæpissime in quacumque sectione sensim magis magisque prominet et explicatur, ita ut in quibusdam plantis perfectissima appareat, et in aliis vix perspicienda.

"Forma normalis constantior cernitur in fructificatione, h. e. in flore et fructu, quam in habitu, tam quia in unum tantum finem illa explicatur, cum organa vegetationis indirecte etiam florem et fructum præparare debent, quam etiam quia partes vegetationis individuum tantum servant, fructus vero formam normalem perennem tueri debet. "Sequitur tamen sæpissime habitus fructificationem, ita ut plantæ quæ flore et fructu non differant, habitu etiam quodam generali conveniant. Non autem semper nec necessario.

"Hinc systema in fructificatione nititur.

"Ceterum observandum, quod fructus jamdudum plantam quamvis non explicitam continet, et quod planta antequam flos et fructus eam coronet, non perfecta est.

"In sectione vero illa, quam speciem vocamus, non fructus solus characteres præbet, quia in omnibus notis, præter quod e causis accidentalibus pendeat, convenire debent individua ejusdem speciei.

"Affinitas plantarum componitur secundum nostram sententiam tam e multitudine characterum quorumcumque in quibus conveniunt, quam ex eorum præstantia et prominentia.

"Sic sufficit vel levis nota in flore et fructu, si multis notis habitualibus conveniunt plantæ ; et quo pauciores notæ præstantiorum partium communes sunt, eo pluribus convenire debent in partibus minoris momenti. Sic etiam quo magis prominet character quidam, eo minus dilaceranda sectio, etiam si pluribus aliis notis differunt plantæ sub ea inclusa."

1826. PERLEB, C. J.—(Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte der Pflanzenreichs.)
See this author's Clavis, 1838. p. xlix.

1827. DUMORTIER, B. C.—(Florula Belgica.)

The following is the system of this author, who does not appear to have given any account of its principles. His Orders are equivalent to Alliances. His Staminacia begins with Conifers and ends with Lemnads, and is the only part concerning which I find any details :-

CHARACTERS OF THE ORDERS.

1. Julitegmia.-Flowering scales, placed on a catkin.

2. Fructitegmia.-Floral envelope one, epigynous.

3. Thalamitegmia.-Floral envelope one, hypogynous.

4. Thalamitubia.--Tube of a monopetalous corolla hypogynous.

5. Fructitubia.-Tube of a monopetalous corolla epigynous.

6. Fructungulia.-Claws of a polypetalous corolla epigynous.

7. Calicungulia.-Claws of a polypetalous corolla perigynous.

8. Thalamungulia.-Claws of a polypetalous corolla hypogynoug

9. Thalamifloria.-Corolla hypogynous.

10. Fructifloria.-Corolla epigynous.

11. Calicifloria.-Corolla perigynous.

12. Fructaulia.-Floral envelope one, epigynous.

13. Thalamaulia.-Floral envelope one, hypogynous.

с

1830. BARTLING, Fr. Th.—(Ordines Naturales Plantarum, eorumque Characteres et Affinitates, adjectá generum enumeratione).

In this work the Vegetable Kingdom is divided into 8 principal divisions, and 60 subdivisions or Alliances, called by the author Classes. The latter are furnished with detailed characters drawn up in the same manner as those of the Orders, and to the whole is prefixed an abridgment of the plan of classification. The synonyms of the Alliances are slightly given; but it is remarkable that they do not contain any allusion to the anterior works of Perleb and Agardh. As this work is the first in which considerable details are introduced into the characters of Alliances, it seems worth stating, at length, its nature, which is as follows:

Monocotyledonous

or

With the embryo
inclosed in
vitellus,

a

or

Apetalous.

Monopetalous.

Rhizocarpæ.
Lycopodine.
Filices.

Glumaceæ.
Juncineæ.

Coniferæ.

Aggregatæ.

Amentaceæ.

Compositæ.

Ensate.

Urticineæ.

Campanulinæ.

Gonyopterides.

Liliaceæ.

Fagopyrineæ.

Ericineæ.

Orchidea.

Proteinæ.

Styracinæ.

Scitamineæ.

Salicinæ.

Myrsineæ.

Polypetalous.

Loranthem.
Umbelliflora.

Cocculinæ.
Trisepalæ.

Polycarpicæ.

Rhoader.

Class XXXIV. LABIA

Class XXIII. AMENTA

Class XXV. FAGOPY- Apocyneæ, 599

Class XXXVII. RUBIA- Amaranthaceæ, 510

Class XXVIII. AGGRE- Lorantheæ, 789

Class L. CALYCIFLORE.

Halorageæ, 722

UMBELLI- Lytharieæ, 574

Class XXIX. COMPOSI

Пederacer, 780

Hamamelideæ, 784

1830. LINDLEY, JOHN.-(An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany, &c.) This was a slight modification of De Candolle's plan, with the apetalous and polypetalous plants thrown together, and consequently with a different sequence of the Natural Orders. No attempt was made at forming the minor groups, now called Alliances.

1832.

Class I. VASCULARES, or Flowering Plants.

Sub-class 1. Exogens or Dicotyledons.

Tribe 1. Angiospermæ.

§ 1. Polypetalous, apetalous, and achlamydeous plants.

§ 2. Monopetalous plants.

Tribe 2. Gymnospermæ.

Sub-class 2. Endogens or Monocotyledons.
Tribe 1. Petaloideæ.

Tribe 2. Glumaceæ.

Class II. CELLULARES, or flowerless plants.

Tribe 1. Filicoidea; or Fern-like plants.

Tribe 2. Muscoidea; or Moss-like plants.
Tribe 3. Aphyllæ; or Leafless plants.

HESS. J.-(Uebersicht der Phanerogamischen naturlichen pflanzenfamilien mit einer kurzen charakteristik derselben).

This is essentially an imitation of the method of De Candolle, with some changes in the sequence of Orders. No attempt is made at forming groups higher than Natural Orders, and it cannot be said that the work has contributed to the progress of Natural classification. The great object of the author seems to have been to form a good series.

1832. SCHULTZ, Carl Heinrich.—(Natürliches System des Pflanzenreichs nach seiner inneren organization).

In some respects this is like the system of De Candolle. The author first breaks up the Vegetable Kingdom into Homorgana, which have an exclusively cellular construction, and Heterorgana, which are formed with spiral vessels, and laticiferous vessels in addition. These are evidently the Cellular and Vascular plants of De Candolle. His Heterorgana he divides into Synorgana and Dichorgana, the first having all the forms of tissue dispersed through a common cellular mass, the latter having them separated in the form of bark and wood; Synorgana are therefore Endogens, and Dichorgana Exogens. The principal peculiarity consists in laticiferous vessels or cinenchyma being made a mark of classification, a certain number of flowering plants being thus combined with flowerless, under the name of Homorgana florifera; viz., Charads, Naiads, Hornworts, Podostemads, Seawracks, Hydrocharids, Lemnads, &c. Another peculiar feature is the formation among Synorgana, or Endogens, of a Class called Synorgana dichorganoidea, which is regarded as intermediate in nature between Synorgana and Dichorgana. This Class is divided into 2 groups, of which the first consists of Peppers, Saururads, and Chloranths, the second of Nyctagos, Waterstars, Hippurids, Amaranths, Cycads, Waterlilies, &c. The plan of this classification is as follows::