Interior elevations are included in a set of working drawings only when there is some special interior construction to be illustrated. This is quite often the case in kitchen design. Figure 2 shows the interior elevations of the kitchen of the A residence. Notice that the arrangement of the elevations is in relation to the floor plan-as though the four walls had fallen backward. To prevent this awkward appearance, the interior elevations may be removed to an upright position and even placed on a separate drawing sheet. The relation of each elevation to the plan is then shown by sight arrows as indicated in Figure 3. A sight arrow shows the drawing number on which the detail appears. Sight arrows, 4, etc., are interpreted as detail #1 on drawing #7, detail #2 on drawing #7, and so on.

ELEVATION DESIGN

ELEVATIONS

The exterior elevations are as necessary to the satisfactory appearance of a building as the floor plan is to its satisfactory functioning. Normally the elevations of the four sides of a building are sufficient to describe it. In some cases, however, more than

Structural section. A structural section shows the entire building construction, as shown in Figure 40. A " 1' scale is often used. Figure 38 shows a structural section for the A residence. This would be useful in planning for structural strength and rigidity, determining the length of members, and specifying sizes.

Wall section. A wall section shows the construction of a typical wall to a larger scale than the structural section (11" 1' is often used). Figure 39 shows a wall section for the A residence. Notice that floor-to-ceiling heights are shown, together with sizes and material specifications for all rough and finished members.

Detail section. Any deviations from the typical wall sections may be shown in detail sections. Also any special or unusual construction must be detailed, as shown in Figure 41. These sections may be drawn to a large scale (up to full size).

STUDY QUESTIONS

1. How many exterior elevations are needed to describe a building having.

a. A rectangular floor plan b. An L-shaped floor plan

12"

T

Figure 41

MOSAIC TILE

3 RODS 6" OC BOTH WAYS

WELDED VIRE AES

SAND FILL.

Atrium pool detail for the A residence.

10

DIAGRAM: A schematic representation of a Project system, subsystem or portion thereof. See also DRAWINGS.

DIRECT EXPENSE: All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific project, assignment or task.

DIRECT PERSONNEL EXPENSE: Direct salaries of all the Architect's personnel engaged on the Project, and the portion of the cost of their mandatory and customary contributions and benefits related thereto.

DIRECT SALARY EXPENSE: Direct salaries of all the Architect's personnel engaged on the Project, but excluding the cost of contributions and benefits related thereto, whether mandatory or customary. DIVISION (of the Specifications): One of the sixtren basic organizational subdivisions used in the Uniform Construction Index. (Ref: Handbook Chapter B-6.)

DOCUMENT DEPOSIT: See DEPOSIT FOR BIDDING DOCUMENTS.

DRAWINGS: Graphic and pictorial documents showing the design, location and dimensions of the elements of a Project. Drawings generally include plans, elevations, sections, details, schedules and diagrams. When capitalized, the term refers to the graphic and pictorial portions of the Contract Documents. (Ref: Handbook Chapter 8-6.)

DUE CARE: A legal term indicating the requirement for a professional to exercise reasonable care, skill, ability and judgment under the circumstances. Performance of duties and services must be consistent with the level of reasonable care, skill, ability and judgment provided by reputable professionals in the same geographical area and at the same period of time. Failure to exercise DUE CARE constitutes NEGLIGENCE.

E

ELEVATION: (1) A two-dimensional graphic representation of the design, location and dimensions of the Project, or parts thereof, seen in a vertical plane viewed from a given direction. See also DRAW. INGS. (2) Distance above or below a prescribed datum or reference point. (Ref: Handbook Chapter B-6.)

EMPLOYER'S LIABILITY INSURANCE: Insurance protection for the employer against claims by employees or employees' dependents for damages which arise out of injuries or diseases sustained in the course of their work, and which are based on common law negligence rather than on liability under workers' compensation acts. ENGINEER: See PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER.

ENGINEER-IN-TRAINING: (sometimes called Engineer Intern). Designation for a person qualified for professional engineering registration in all respects except the required professional experience and successful completion of an examination on the principles of practice.

ENGINEERING OFFICER: A person designated, usually by a military component or a corporation, as having authoritative charge over certain specific engineering operations and duties.

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN PROFESSIONS: The professions collectively responsible for the design of man's physical environment, including architecture, engineering, landscape architecture, urban planning and similar environment-related profes

sions.

ERRATUM: Correction of a printing, typographical or editorial error. Not to be confused with ADDENDUM. Plural ERRATA.

ERRORS AND OMISSIONS INSURANCE: See PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE.

ESTIMATE: See (1) BUDGET, PROJECT; (2) ESTIMATE (Contractor's); (3) ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION COST, DETAILED; (4) STATEMENT OF PROBABLE CONSTRUCTION COST.

ESTIMATE: (Contractor's): (1) A forecast of Construction Cost, as opposed to a firm bid, prepared by a Contractor for a Project or a portion thereof. (2) A term sometimes used to denote a Contractor's application or request for a progress payment. With respect to (2). See also APPLICATION FOR PAYMENT.

ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION COST, DETAILED: A forecast of Construction Cost prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of materials and labor for all items of Work, as contrasted with an estimate based on current area, volume or similar unit costs. (Ref: Handbook Chapter B-5.) EXCESS LIABILITY INSURANCE: Insurance providing excess liability coverage subject to the same terms and conditions as specified in the primary policy or policies. See also UMBRELLA LIABILITY INSURANCE.

EXECUTION OF THE CONTRACT (or AGREEMENT): (1) Performance of a CONTRACT or AGREEMENT according to its terms; (2) The acts of signing and delivering between the parties of the document or documents constituting the CONTRACT or AGREE

MENT.

EXPERT WITNESS: A witness in a court case or other legal proceeding, who, by virtue of experience, training, skill and knowledge of a particular field or subject, is recognized as being especially qualified to render an informed opinion on matters relating to that field or subject.

EXPOSURE: Estimate of the probability of loss from