Various penal provisions are found in the statute which it is probably not important to notice.

The State of Kansas has enacted a law relating to primary elections, providing that all candidates for elective offices shall be nominated by a primary held in accordance with the act, and that party candidates for the office of United States Senator shall be nominated in the manner therein provided. minor offices are excepted from the operation of the act.

Certain

Louisiana has passed an act providing for a new registration of voters throughout the state, and has also amended its primary election law.

Maryland has provided that political parties shall nominate candidates for public office, including candidates for the office of United States Senator, and elect delegates to conventions or managing bodies, county executives or executive committees not appointed by a party convention, through a primary election, to be held on the days designated by party committees or governing bodies; provided that such election shall not be later than the second Monday in September. Elaborate provisions are made for such election and the steps to be taken by candidates to make them eligible.

Maryland has amended its act relating to expenses in elections for public office and for nominations thereto, and has provided for judicial inquiries concerning election expenses. Every political committee shall receive and disburse all things of value through a treasurer. No person other than the treasurer or political agent shall pay any election expenses, except that a candidate may pay his own expenses for postage, telegrams, telephoning, stationery, printing, expressage, traveling and board. The permissible expenses of any candidate are graded by the number of votes. The legitimate expenses are specified. Every treasurer and political agent must render a full and detailed sworn account of all expenditures. All candidates, including those for the office of United States Senator, must file itemized statements of expenditures for expenses.

Maryland has made it unlawful for any corporation to contribute for any political purpose.

Massachusetts forbids, under punishment by fine, political committees and their representatives from soliciting from candidates for nomination money or promises to pay money as a prerequisite to obtaining nomination papers. It also forbids any business corporation, its officers and agents to pay or contribute for election purposes. An offending corporation is punishable by fine of not more than ten thousand dollars, and an offending officer or agent is punishable by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars or by imprisonment for not more than six months. It also forbids the employment of more than six persons by political committees in cities in each voting precinct, except as caucus officers. In cities not divided into precincts the number shall not exceed six for each ward.

Michigan has enacted a primary law for the nomination of party candidates to become operative when a majority of the enrolled voters of any political party within designated political divisions shall vote in favor of direct nomination of party candidates, such method being subject, however, to discontinuance whenever a majority of the enrolled voters of such political party in any city, county or district voting thereon shall vote against such method, when re-submitted under the terms of the act. The act is very elaborate, providing with great detail for the full and fair expression of the will of the voters. It is noticeable that party lines will be distinctly drawn by the requirement that voters at primary elections shall be enrolled as members of a particular political party. A change of party affiliation requires a special application and a transfer to another enrollment.

Michigan has provided for the casting, registering and counting of votes by means of voting machines.

Mississippi, one of the pioneer states in establishing primary election laws, has provided for contesting such an election on the charge of fraud.

Mississippi has also passed an act forbidding corporations doing business in that state, or any servant, agent, employe or officer thereof, to contribute money or property of said corporation for the purpose of aiding any political party or candidate to any public office, under penalty of not less than one hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars.

The State of Nevada has provided for a state police called "Nevada State Police." The law is quite elaborate and has some notable provisions. Each member is authorized to make arrests, with or without warrant, of any person charged with a crime or suspected of the commission of any offense, and to suppress all riots. When the Governor shall declare martial law or a county shall be in a state of insurrection, the police shall have power to take any steps proper for the preservation of life and property. When martial law shall have been declared the Adjutant-General shall provide the police with rations, subsistence for men and horses, camp equipage, transportation and such forces as shall be necessary to perform their duties. In cases of martial law or insurrection, the rules of discipline and regulations of the Army of the United States shall be applied, so far as applicable to the government of the police. Members are required to serve for a period of not less than one year, unless dismissed or discharged. Any person intercepting, molesting or insulting by words or behavior any member of the police while on duty, is subject to arrest and punishment for breach of the peace. A member of the police is subject to trial according to martial law and military usage.

This legislation was the outcome of the domestic violence which caused the State of Nevada, shortly before the passage of the act, to pass a resolution that application be made to the President of the United States to retain in the Goldfield mining district of Nevada a sufficient force of the United States Army to insure domestic tranquillity.

New York has made very extensive amendments to its primary election law, bringing it in its main features in general harmony with the recent primary election laws of other states.

Ohio has passed an act making elaborate provisions governing primary elections, to be held upon the same day by all political parties, and to be conducted in the manner of a regular election with the Australian ballot.

Ohio has passed an act forbidding corporations, directly or indirectly, to contribute anything to any political party, committee or organization, or for any political purposes. Both the corpo

ration which gives and the person who knowingly receives from the corporation are made subject to criminal penalties. A person so participating is given immunity for his testimony.

The suffragette movement has not become potent in Oregon, for at an election on a referendum held in June, 1908, a constitutional amendment permitting women to vote on equal terms with men was rejected, the vote standing, Yes-36,858; No, 58,670.

Oregon, by a vote on referendum, adopted an amendment to the state constitution giving voters power to call a special election at any time to discharge a public officer and elect his successor. The same state also adopted in the same manner a bill instructing members of the legislature to elect the candidate for United States Senator who received the highest number of votes at the general election. It also in the same manner passed a bill limiting the amount of money candidates and other persons may spend in election campaigns, and prohibiting attempts on election day to persuade any voter to vote for or against any candidate or candidates, or any measure submitted to the people. Such a law would have prevented the excited demonstrations by women and children at the polls at the recent primary election in Tennessee for Governor, in which the liquor question was so prominent. It is interesting to note that out of nineteen questions submitted, twelve were adopted and seven were rejected. Possibly, after all, the initiative and referendum, with the attendant expenses, will be a solution of the question of hasty and burdensome legislation.

West Virginia has enacted an elaborate law for the registration of voters, and also one providing for official ballots. Under this latter act, the state executive committee of each political party must adopt a party emblem.

West Virginia has also passed an act to prevent corrupt practices in elections, and to limit the expenses of candidates and political committees. Expenses are limited to those for travel of the candidate, rent of hall or room for the delivery of speeches, the payment of reasonable compensation for public speakers and musicians and their traveling expenses, printing and distribu

tion of campaign literature, copying and classifying poll lists, making canvasses of voters, charges for services rendered by carriers, telegraph companies and for postage and messenger services, and reasonable clerk hire.

Every person who shall, after election, solicit any money or valuable consideration on account of having induced any other person to vote at any election shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Whether this will apply to campaign orators, who in asking for office, in return for party service, boast of their achievements, presents an interesting problem. No candidate for Congress or any public office shall pay or promise to pay, in order to secure his nomination or election, anything in excess of a sum to be determined upon the basis of two hundred and fifty dollars for five thousand votes or less, and graduated amounts for any excess over that number. Every candidate for nomination must file with designated officers a sworn written statement setting forth in detail all money contributed, disbursed, expended or promised, in endeavoring to secure his nomination or election, or in connection with the election of any other person at said election.

Failure to comply with this provision is made a misdemeanor, and no emolument of the office shall be received prior to its filing. Every political committee shall collect and disburse its campaign expenses through a treasurer, who shall keep a true account of all sums received or disbursed, showing the person from whom received or to whom paid, and the purpose of the transaction. He shall within thirty days after each election file in the designated office a sworn account, showing all such receipts and disbursements and their objects, and shall also show all unpaid debts and obligations and their nature and to whom owing. These accounts are open to public inspection. Upon failure to comply with the law, the treasurer is guilty of a misdemeanor. No corporation, joint stock company or association shall directly or indirectly contribute for the nomination or election of any one to office, subject to a penalty of not exceeding one thousand dollars.

West Virginia has provided for public office inspection, and has enacted that the State Tax Commissioner shall be ex officio