have another conspicuous example of the benefit of freer commerce and incidentally convincing evidence of the damage done by false ideas as to nationalities. A few years ago, in Spanish days, anyone who suggested the removal of tariff barriers against Philippine products would have been decried as an enemy of American labor. He would have been asked whether he wished Philippine pauper-labor to take the bread out of the mouths of American workingmen, with their high standards of living. Now, with an approach to free trade, the only persons complaining are the Trusts that profited by the tariff. If we could conceive of the United States annexing France or Brazil, the tariffs against those countries would come off precisely as have those against Porto Rico and the Philippines, and as the duties upon Cuban products ought to disappear, as one contribution to a decreased cost of living. We have but to consider the world as a group of federated States to see that the folly of tariffs between them is as great as the absurdity of tariffs between California and Maine.1

(2) THE FOLLY OF THE RECALL

It is to be expected that a progressive community, like a progressive individual, will try some foolish experiments. We learn wisdom by our mistakes. But a community ought not to re-try an experiment the folly of which has been demonstrated by the experience of the past, and, as Senators Borah and Root in their speeches before the Senate last week showed very clearly, the experiment of making judges dependent on the will of the power which creates them was proved foolish by England's experiment in that direction. One of the causes which brought on the English Revolution was the intolerable injustice perpetrated by the judges. Because they were subject to recall by the King, they became simply instruments of kingly power. Make the judges subject to recall by the majority, and they will become equally the supple instruments of the power of majorities. The wellknown warning words of de Tocqueville may be profitably recalled by the people of Arizona: "For myself, when I feel the hand of power lie heavy on my brow, I care but little to know who oppresses me; and I am not the more disposed to pass beneath the yoke because it is held out to me by the arms of a million of men." After the Revolution had overthrown the Stuart dynasty, and as a result of that Revolution, under the Act of Settlement the judges were appointed to hold office during good behavior, "and their salary ascertained and established." The result of this beneficent reform Senator Borah puts briefly and forcibly in the following sentences:

Thereafter, instead of Jeffreys denouncing and cursing from the bench the aged Baxter; instead of Dudley taunting and tormenting the New England colonists; instead of Scroggs and Saunders, subtle and dexterous in

1 The Nation, December 29, 1910 (Vol. 91, p. 620).

struments of tyranny, we have Somers and Holt and York and Hardwick and Eldon and Mansfield laying deep and firm the great principles of English law and English justice, principles which still shield and guard the personal rights of every member of the English-speaking race, principles which our fathers were careful to bring here, principles which every American citizen would unhesitatingly shoulder his musket to defend and preserve.”

Judges, whether appointed or elected, should have terms sufficiently long to make them independent of popular prejudice and popular clamor. Provision, like that of New York State, that a judge may be removed by legislative action on charges, but without impeachment, may be legitimate. The power is rarely exercised, and has, we believe, inflicted no injustice. But this is very different from a provision that, on a petition signed by one fourth of the persons who voted at the last election in a judicial district, the question of a judge's retention in office shall be submitted to a popular election.1

As a parting word, let it be said once more that broad sympathy, self-effacement, and fair-mindedness, — qualities desirable alike in formal and informal argument, determine very largely whether evidence is to receive profitable consideration. This final word is offered because we are ever in danger of forgetting the real nature and the real purpose of argument. We let the spirit of warfare, the desire to overcome, outweigh the spirit of modesty and fairness. Of course, men who are seeking light will find it, even if the process involves pushing through an unfair writer's argument; they will ignore his desire to set himself above his subject; and they will try to disregard the spirit of condescension with which he addresses them. But men who go to the trouble of seeking light will find it whether or not the arguer presents his cause. Our purpose, let us never forget, is not to win the esteem of our friends or those who are already favorable to what we believe, but to change indifference or doubt or even antagonism into assent; to make it easy for others, though they be hostile, to come over to our way of thinking. The petty pleasure of showing ourselves off is despicable enough at any time, but when we parade ourselves before one who might be brought to see the truth were we only out of the way, our sin is unpardonable. Let evidence, skillfully treated,

1 The Outlook, August 19, 1911 (Vol. 98, p. 852).

have its own full effect. The most substantial rewards will come to us only when we subordinate ourselves to our cause by standing aside and modestly pointing out the course that will lead to an approximation of truth.

READINGS AND EXERCISES

1. Bring to class a newspaper editorial that produces the effect of argument because it is carefully made exposition.

2. Find argument in the stories you have read during the past year. Who argues, the author or the characters in the story?

3. Have you good reason to believe as you do about the following?

a. The recall of judges.

b. Intercollegiate athletics.
c. Coeducation.

d. Woman suffrage.

e. Labor unions.

4. Can you recall a sound argumentative article that did not sooner or later modify your views on the matter discussed?

5. If you chance to be in a grocery store when a traveling salesman is trying to take an order, notice the persuasive skill which he employs.

6. Do you read argumentative articles when you find that the author takes a view different from yours? Why?

7. How much of the so-called argument that you hear on the street, at the boarding house, or on the campus is really argument?

8. Could you define to the satisfaction of a hostile audience of readers the terms progressive, liberal arts, initiative and referendum, student democracy, feminine, and the interests?

9. In which college study do you most frequently employ simple induction ? reasoning from cause to effect?

10. Test the reasoning in the following paragraphs:

a. A man can always afford to give his money to a good cause. Just as exercise increases his ability to do more work, so giving increases his ability to give still more.

b. I do not have much faith in the Christian religion. Seven years ago I joined the church, and within a month I fell off the barn and broke my arm; three years afterwards I joined again and in two months my wife had

typhoid fever; last year I tried joining once more, and this time my father, who had never been sick a day in the seventy years of his life, took sick and

Will be given to the person who finds a case

of rheumatism that we cannot cure.

Mr. Sick Man, isn't this offer enough to con

vince you that our remedy will cure your
rheumatism?

d. My grandmother would say, for example: "Whatever sin is committed against an infinite being is an infinite evil. Every infinite evil deserves infinite punishment; therefore every sin of man deserves an infinite punishment." My Uncle Bill, on the other side, would say: "No act of a finite being can be infinite. Man is a finite being; therefore no sin of man can be infinite. No finite evil deserves infinite punishment. Man's sins are finite evils; therefore man's sins do not deserve infinite punishment." When the combatants had got thus far, they generally looked at each other in silence. - H. B. STOWE, Old Town Folks. Houghton Mifflin Company. II. Examine Ruskin's argument in favor of war in A Crown of Wild Olive. Is his reasoning sound?

12. Make a brief of some argument that has just appeared in a magazine or newspaper. Will the argument stand this test for organization ?

13. Are the following points well arranged? Why?

I. The recall of judges would create a spirit of confidence among the people, for

A. The opportunity to test decisions would

1. Make partisan decisions risky.

2. Disarm criticism.

14. Note that the "for" must always express causal relation. The following use of the word is wrong:

A. The land surrounding the city is owned by private citizens who do not permit trespassing, for

1. The vegetation would be injured.

2. The fences and other improvements would be damaged.

15. Why is this double marking faulty?

I. A. The proposed remedy would not be adequate.

B. Other remedies are more completely satisfactory.

16. Read Stevenson's Father Damien. Why is it effective persua

sion ?

17. Study the magazines for a month or two in order to learn what type of argumentative article each publishes. For example, how do the arguments published in the Atlantic Monthly differ from those in McClure's Magazine ?

18. Read the opinion of Chief Justice Marshall in the case of Gibbons vs. Ogden. It is an exceptionally good argument of its kind. It is printed in Wheaton's Reports, IX, p. 1, and Professor Baldwin's College Manual of Rhetoric, p. 402.

19. You will find a significant article on Teaching Argumentation in the Nation for May 9, 1912 (Vol. 94, p. 456). It not only deals with the subject interestingly, but is itself a good specimen of the less formal kind of argument.

20. Write a petition to your college faculty asking for the privilege of changing your course of study. Give your reasons clearly and briefly.

21. Do you know how to write a letter of application for a business position? Can you write letters that will make prospective employers want to have a personal interview with you?

22. Apply the following tests to your completed argument:

INTRODUCTION

a. Is the introduction well designed to arouse interest? Is it likely to create antagonism?

b. Are the definitions clear? Do they represent a fair view of the question? Are any terms that ought to be defined left undefined?

c. Are the issues clearly stated? Do they overlap? Do they include everything essential in reaching a conclusion concerning the proposition? Do they exclude all irrelevant matter? Have you studied very carefully the arguments which tend to prove the other side of the question?

ARGUMENT PROPER

a. Does every one of your points support unmistakably the proposition set for proof?

b. Are the main points presented in the best possible order?

c. Are your points really supported by convincing evidence? Have you led your reader to see clearly the force of this evidence?

d. Do you overestimate the importance of any of your arguments? Do you underestimate the mental opposition that you must overcome? Do you ignore any arguments that are likely to be in the minds of your readers? e. Have you avoided error in all the inferences you have drawn?