In the preparation of this volume the Tariff Commission had the services of its regular staff, as follows: Dr. Clarence D. Blachly supervised the work, and wrote most of the noncommodity articles. The editorial work was performed by Miss Martha W. Williams, Mr. John S. Hodgson, and Miss Bonnie Hockensmith. The economic articles were written under the advice and guidance of the chief economist, Dr. John R. Turner. Dr. Benjamin B. Wallace read the general text and contributed valuable criticism and additions. Dr. H. G. A. Brauer wrote the article on "Commercial Treaties," and parts of others; Miss Marjorie L. Franklin, the article on "Official Valuation"; and Mr. Frederick L. Koch that on "Customs Organization and Procedure." The articles on commodities were prepared in the commodity divisions, the chiefs of which are, respectively, C. R. DeLong, F. L. Koch, F. M. Leonard (acting), F. H. Smith, Joshua Bernhardt, L. B. Zapoleon, W. A. Graham Clark, and Charles F. Yauch. The statistical section (chief, Miss Stella Stewart), compiled many of the statistics, boddoor of 10 mboot This volume could not have been written without the painstaking and intelligent assistance of many others on the staff of the commission. The list of such contributors is too extensive for enumeration and this general acknowledgment is is therefore made. eBeovit bundel hortiont mind to emolding yUSTATISTICAL NOTES. od to soitanture to ¿deosib oba 1 Home The word "rate" used in the import tables throughout this work means the ad valorem rate of duty of the commodities specified. In cases where the law provides a specific duty the specific rate is converted to an equivalent ad valorem rate on the basis of the average value of the imported article for the period given. In some cases such "rate" is not given, although a tariff rate existed. The absence of the "rate" in the table may be due to the complexity of the duty, which rendered impracticable a single statement. Where no "rate" is given in the import tables, the table of comparison of tariff rates in the back of the book may be consulted to ascertain the duty. Throughout the book the following symbols are employed in the import tables: * Ludmode*=Jan. 1 to Sept. 21, under tariff act of 1913. † Sept. 22 to Dec. 31, under tariff act of 1922. == Is At the end of t of the commodity articles references in italics are given to the special reports of the Tariff Commission which contain more complete treatments of the subject. Import and export statistics cover fiscal years through 1917, and thereafter calendar years. Export figures for 1923 are preliminary, Production figures, unless otherwise stated, are for the United States. The term "ton" signifies the long ton of 2,240 pounds unless otherwise specified. ABRASIVE MATERIALS, General. Abrasives are substances that are suitable for grinding or polishing other hard materials. They may be divided into the two classes, natural and artificial. The former include abrasive garnet, burrstones, millstones, etc., grindstones, hones, and whetstones, quartzite, emery and corundum, rottenstone and tripoli, pumice, bort and diamond dust, flint, etc. The principal artificial abrasives are carbides of silicon and oxides of aluminum; steel wool or steel shavings; grit, shot, and sand made of iron or steele 1 No comparative figures are available on the production of abrasive materials and products in foreign countries. The large exports from the United States indicate that this country is the leading producer of finished abrasive articles. to the fact that artificial $555,850 in 1916. In 1917 such imports increased to $812,303, and in 1918 reached the high figure of $1,187,632. The imports of crude artificial abrasives increased from $24,249 in 1910 to $1,956,523 in 1918. In 1921 they decreased to $519,309. With the exception of the years 1913 and 1914 by far the larger value came from Canada. France supplied practically all of the balance. Nearly all of the crude artificial abrasives are manufactured in Canada, where cheap water power is available. They are the product of American companies manufacturing for the use of their own factories located in the United States. Garnet is a hard mineral, of which the larger perfect specimens are used as gems and the less perfect material as abrasives. It has physical properties that make its use ideal for certain purposes, especially for leather manufactures and wood finishing. Abrasive garnets are produced in three States, New York, New Hampshire, and North Carolina. The rock containing the garnet is mined, crushed, and jigged to separate the garnet from the refuse rock. The production in this country has amounted to about 5,000 tons annually; in 1922 it was slightly over 7,000 tons. A small amount has been imported from Spain. usque holagoon don shags For Bath brick used for scouring and polishing 100 bus vomd metals, see BRICKS. bi Bort and Diamond Dust Bort denotes diamonds of inferior quality, especially such as have a radiating crystallization, not taking a polish; also, an amorphous variety of diamond, brown, gray, or black, known as "black diamond or car This is due princ American invention, have bonado," found massive in Brazil in association abrasives, which are shown a marked superiority over the natural. Canada, however, is the leading producer of the trude artificial abrasive materials. There are three companies manufacturing artificial abrasives in in France. It is understood that one of these companies is financed largely by American capital. Prior to the invention of artificial abrasives the United States was largely dependent on corundum and emery for high-grade grinding and polishing materials, the former of domestic origin chiefly, the latter chiefly from Turkey and Greece and to a less extent from domestic deposits. At the present time the United States is largely dependent on Canada for the most important materials, the crude artificial abrasives. It is dependent on Italy for a large part of its pumice stone. The United States imports other abrasive materials, but the imports are small compared with the production of the same article in this country. This is the case of diatomaceous earth, tripoli, millstones and burrstones, grindstones, pulpstones, oilstones, hones, whetstones, and scythestones. This country relies entirely on foreign sources for diamond dust and bort. Imports, other than those of crude artificial abrasives, decreased from $977,718 in 1910 to 4 Ollstones and whetstones and hones are also made from artificial abrasives,T al 6 MIUI at JF,67% amat berumah souley bus with pure diamonds. Diamond dust is a powder secured by crushing bort, or by rubbing together two diamonds in the p process of faceting. It is used for cutting and polishing diamonds and other precious stones. The amorphous variety is extensively used in diamond drills and stone saws, for which ordinary diamonds are too expensive.apido Imports in 1914 of bort and diamond dust were valued at $90,512 and came principally from France and England. Later statistics follow: Vom to doinubor |