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IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES.
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING (IN TWO VOLUMES).
This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by W.
Jett Lauck, superintendent of agents, forms part of the general report of the
Immigration Commission on immigrants in industries.
IV
CONTENTS.
PART I.-GENERAL SURVEY OF THE IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTUR-
ING INDUSTRY.
CHAPTER I.-Introduction:
The recent expansion of the iron and steel industry.....
Increase in the number of iron and steel workers..
Page.
3
4
Definition of the iron and steel industry for the purposes of the investiga-
tion......
Geographical areas studied
Households studied.....
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured.
Employees for whom information was secured..
Method of presenting data collected..
Comparative scope of investigation...
CHAPTER II.-Racial displacements:
History of immigration....
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households....
Racial classification of employees at the present time..
CHAPTER III.-Economic status:
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied.
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United
States....
General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied.
General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied.
Status of the first and second generations compared....
Weekly earnings....
Relation between period of residence and earning ability.
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied..
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied.
Annual family income...
Wives at work...
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied.
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of
keeping boarders or lodgers...
Sources of family income
Relative importance of different sources of family income.
CHAPTER IV.-Working conditions:
Regularity of employment...
The immigrant and organized labor...
CHAPTER V. Housing and living conditions:
Rent in its relation to standard of living.
Boarders and lodgers..
Size of apartments occupied.
Size of households studied..
Congestion....
87
90
95
104
110
113
115
CHAPTER VI.-Salient characteristics:
Age classification of employees and members of their households.
PART II-THE IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN
History of immigration to the East.
189
Employees for whom information was secured.
190
.193
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees..
Racial classification of employees at the present time...
195
198
States.
201
Weekly earnings.
202
Relation between period of residence and earning ability..
CHAPTER IV.-Salient characteristics:
History of immigration to representative iron and steel establishments..
240
members of their households.
245
Methods employed to secure immigrant labor.....
248
249
251
254
Status of the first and second generations compared.
256
257
258
Weekly earnings..
259
262
265
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied..
Annual family income..
268
Wives at work......
269
270
keeping boarders or lodgers..
Sources of family income..
272
Relative importance of the different sources of family income..
CHAPTER V.-Industrial effects of immigration and employers' preferences for
races:
Effect of the employment of immigrants upon former employees.
Effect of the employment of immigrants upon the use of machinery.
Employers' opinions of recent immigrants...
CHAPTER VI.-Housing and living conditions:
Rent in its relation to standard of living..
Boarders and lodgers.....
Congestion......
281
282
283
285
288
291
292
293
CHAPTER VIII.-General progress and assimilation:
Reasons for the immigration of the several races to the United States and
to the community.
332
Households studied.
333
members of their households..
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied..
States.....
343
346
General occupation of women at the present time, in the households
studied....
347
Occupations entered by immigrants..
Range of earnings of steel company No. 1 for the pay period June 1-15,
1907....
359
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied
366
367
368
Wives at work.
369
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households
studied..
370
keeping boarders or lodgers.......
Sources of family income...
372
Relative importance of different sources of family income..
374
CHAPTER V.--Industrial progress and efficiency:
Relation between earning ability of foreign-born employees and period of
residence in the United States....
393
Relation between earning ability and the time which employees have
worked for a representative steel company..
395
Opinions of employers as to progress of immigrant employees.
400
Races of immigrant labor preferred by employers.....
Employers' statements as to the efficiency of immigrant industrial workers.
401
Age classification of employees and members of their households
Criminality....
427
430
Charity..
431
CHAPTER VIII.-The recent immigrant and the public health:
Diseases peculiar to immigrant races..
433
Vitality of aliens.........
434
Aliens as inmates of hospitals....
Obedience to municipal health regulations..
The native and the foreign death rate.
CHAPTER IX.-Industrial effects of recent immigration:
Industries established by immigrants....
436
438
439
Work of native churches and religious organizations among immigrants..