children and from payments of boarders or lodgers. The households, the heads of which were native-born negroes of native father, derive a larger proportion of the total family income from the earnings of the husband and a smaller proportion from the contributions of children than do the native-born whites of native father. Of the households the heads of which were foreign-born, the South Italians show the largest proportion or 82.9 per cent of income from the earnings of the husband. The Poles show a proportion almost as large. Of the French, North Italian, Ruthenian, Slovak, and Slovenian family incomes, between 70 and 80 per cent is obtained from the earnings of the husband. Only 44 per cent of the income of Roumanian families or the smallest proportion shown by any race, is derived from this source. No race shows a proportion as high as 2 per cent of family income derived from the earnings of the wife. The highest proportion is 1.7 per cent, shown by the Magyars. Nearly 45 per cent of the total income of households the heads of which were foreign-born Irish is from the contributions of children. The Scotch and English also show a high proportion from this source. None of the Servian and less than 1 per cent of the Roumanian family income is from this source. The Croatians, Germans, Magyars, Roumanians, and Servians each have more than 25 per cent, and the English, French, Irish, South Italian, and Scotch families less than 10 per cent of their family income from the payments of boarders or fodgers. The French is the only race which shows a proportion greater than 10 per cent of the family income as derived from sources other than those specified. The following table shows the percentage of total yearly income derived from the earnings of husbands in the households studied, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family: TABLE 61.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.] a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district. 48296°-VOL 8-11-7 The families whose heads were of native birth exhibit larger proportions depending entirely upon the earnings of husbands in all localities, except the Middle West, which reports no heads of native birth, than do the foreign-born. The native-born families have the largest proportion deriving their entire income from the earnings of husbands in the South, and the foreign-born in Community D in the East, while the lowest percentage of foreign-born families receiving their entire support from husbands is shown in Community C in the East, and of the native-born in the Pittsburg district of the same locality. The Servians and Germans in the Pittsburg district, and the Magyars and Servians in Community C, have the smallest proportions of families which derive their entire income from the earnings of the heads. CHAPTER IV. WORKING CONDITIONS. Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 62 to 67 and General Table 19]. REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT. The table next presented shows the months worked during the past year by males of the households studied who were employed away from home and who were 16 years of age or over. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of individual. TABLE 62.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] The foregoing table shows 4,550 persons reporting complete data. A large proportion of this number report as having worked three months or over, while only 20 per cent report as having worked twelve months, and 75 per cent six months or longer during the year preceding the collecting of the data. The foreign-born persons show a smaller proportion working for any period of time than do persons native-born of foreign father or the native-born whites or negroes born of native father. Both the whites and negroes of native birth and those born of native father exhibit a larger proportion working at any time than do those who were native-born of foreign father. Of the persons native-born of foreign father the Irish show 29.8 per cent, the English 26.7 per cent, the Slovaks 20 per cent, and the Germans only 14.3 per cent working twelve months. Of those who worked six months or over the English have a large proportion, and the Germans only 71.4 per cent. A comparison of the foreign-born shows a very large proportion of each race working three months or over, the French, Scotch, and Slovenians reporting the maximum of 100 per cent and the Servians the minimum of 84.6 per cent, the other races ranging between these proportions. Of those who worked twelve months, the Ruthenians lead with 35.6 per cent and the Servians present the lowest proportion of 5.5 per cent. The next higher are the Bulgarians and Macedonians with 6.7 per cent each, the other races showing from 10 to 32 per cent who had worked the entire year. The following table shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of males, in the households, who worked nine months or over. TABLE 63.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working nine months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. totals, however, are for all races.] The a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district. The grand total of the foregoing table shows that 44.1 per cent of all males studied in the iron and steel industry worked for nine months or more. The largest proportion of males working for that period is found in the South and the smallest proportion in the Middle West, the percentage being in the case of the former 53.7 and of the latter 22. Each of the eastern communities studied shows a proportion ranging between these two extremes. Comparing the persons native-born of foreign father with those of foreign birth, it is seen that the former show the largest proportion of persons who have worked for nine months or more, the proportion for the persons native-born of foreign father being 50.2 per cent as against 41.4 per cent for the foreign-born. In every locality studied the proportion of persons native-born of foreign father is larger than of foreign-born, the difference being about the same as in the total. Of all the races studied, the white persons native-born of native father show the largest total proportion who worked for nine months or more. In the Pittsburg district the proportion is 65.7 per cent; in Pennsylvania, Community C, 40 per cent; and in New York, Community D, 66.7 per cent. The Irish native-born of foreign father show the largest proportion in Community C of Pennsylvania and a slightly smaller proportion in the Pittsburg district. Comparing the Birmingham district of the South with the Middle West and the Pittsburg district of the East, it is seen that the Bulgarians, Poles, and Slovaks in the South have a larger proportion who worked nine months or more than have the same races in either of the other localities. The North and South Italians in the Pittsburg district of the East show a larger proportion than do the same races in the South. The following table shows the per cent of males who worked six months or over according to locality and general nativity and race of individual: TABLE 64.-Per cent of males 16 years of age or over working 6 months or over, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district. |