Of the 430 foreign-born male employees in this locality for whom information was obtained, 29.5 per cent of those who have been in the United States five years or over are fully naturalized and 18.1 per cent have secured first papers.

Of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years only 6.7 per cent are fully naturalized and 20.6 per cent have secured first papers, while of those who have been in the United States ten years or over 62.1 per cent are fully naturalized and 14.7 per cent have first papers only. It will be seen from the above table that the Poles, 19.2 per cent of whom have been in the United States five years or over and are fully naturalized, and 15.2 per cent of whom in the same residence group have first papers, report a very large increase in the proportion of those in the United States ten years or over who are in the same political condition fully naturalized as compared with those in the United States from five to nine years, while the proportion having first papers only in this longer period of residence is only slightly in excess of the proportion reported by those who have been in the United States from five to nine years. The following table shows the present political condition of foreignborn males, in the households studied, who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:

TABLE 548.-Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

The total in the above table shows the same proportion, or 18.9 cent, fully naturalized and having first papers only. The Poles have a slightly greater proportion fully naturalized than the Magyars, and the Magyars a slightly larger percentage with first papers than the Poles.

ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

The table next presented shows, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons 6 years of age or over, in the households studied, who were able to speak English.

TABLE 549.-Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however are for all non-English-speaking races.]

Persons native-born of foreign father show a much greater proportion able to speak English, in the table above, than do those of foreign birth. Of the second generation of Poles, the females report a slightly larger percentage able to speak English than do the males; while, among the foreign-born, the males have a larger proportion able to use the English language, in the case of the Croatians and Poles. The Croatian males show a much higher percentage able to speak English than does either of the other two races. The Polish women have the greatest proportion able to speak English, followed by the Magyars and Croatians.

The following table shows, according to race, the proportion of foreign-born iron and steel workers for whom detailed information was received who were able to speak English:

TABLE 550.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more males reporting is for all non-English-speaking races.]

The total, however

The above table shows that of the 1,470 foreign-born male employees reporting in this locality, 52.9 per cent speak English. Among these foreign-born employees the Germans report by far the largest proportion, or 97.6 per cent, with ability to speak English. Following the Germans are the Slovenians, Poles, and North Italians, who report a slightly larger proportion than the Croatians, a considerably larger proportion than the Slovaks, and a very much larger proportion than the Magyars, with ability to speak English.

The table next presented makes the same showing as the one preceding, but includes the per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 551.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

(This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

A much greater proportion of persons of foreign birth who came to this country when under 14 years of age are able to speak English at the present time than of those who were 14 years of age or over at the time of immigration. This tendency is apparent in the case of each race, as well as of the total foreign-born.

The table next presented shows for the persons in the households studied the percentage of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, according to years in the United States and race of individual.

TABLE 552.—Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all nonEnglish-speaking races.]

The foregoing table shows a steady advancement in ability to speak English corresponding to the increase in period of residence in this country, 15.3 per cent of the total with a residence under five years, 37.2 per cent with a residence of from five to nine years, and 71.3 per cent who have been in this country ten years or more being able

to speak English. The same tendency is exhibited in the case of each race.

The comparative progress of younger and older immigrant employees in acquiring the use of English is exhibited by the following table, which shows the percentage of foreign-born male employees who speak English, according to age at time of coming to the United States:

TABLE 553.—Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]

Of the 1,470 foreign-born males in this locality for whom information was obtained 52.9 per cent speak English. Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United States 98.8 per cent now speak English as compared with 50.1 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming. It will be seen that the Germans report a very much larger proportion who speak English than do any of the other races. Following the Germans are the Poles, who report a slightly larger proportion than the Croatians or Slovaks, and a much larger proportion than do the Magyars. Among those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming and who now speak English the Germans and Poles each report 100 per cent, while of those 14 years or over at time of coming, the Germans report a much larger proportion now speaking English than any other race. Following the Germans are the Poles, who report a slightly larger proportion of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming than do the Croatians or Slovaks and a much larger proportion than do the Magyars who now speak English.

48296°-VOL 8-11-52

The progress made by the non-English-speaking races in acquiring the use of the English language is indicated by the following table, which shows, by years in the United States and race, the per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English:

TABLE 554.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all nonEnglish-speaking races.]

Of the 1,470 foreign-born male employees for whom information was obtained in this locality 52.9 per cent speak English. It will be seen that as the length of residence in the United States increases so does the ability to speak English. By way of illustration, 28.7 per cent of those who have been in the United States under five years as compared with 68.1 per cent of those who have been in this country from five to nine years and 95.2 per cent of those who have been in the United States ten years or over speak English. Among those who have been here under five and from five to nine years the Germans show the largest proportions with ability to speak English, while of those who have been in the United States ten years or over the proportions of the Croatians and Slovaks exceed the proportion of the Germans. The Magyars in each specified period of residence report the smallest proportion with ability to speak English. As between the other races in each specified age group there is very little difference in the proportions shown.

GENERAL INFLUENCES FOR AND AGAINST AMERICANIZATION.

In general it may be said that there is a decided tendency toward naturalization among the Polish immigrants. Among the Croatians and Slovaks there is little political activity, and consequently not many members of these two races take out naturalization papers. Nearly all of the naturalization papers, it is said, are secured at about election time. The greatest public interest manifested by immigrants is in local politics, but they take little actual part in them. Small interest in civic affairs of national or state importance is shown. The only instruction received in such matters by the immigrants is through a class in political science, conducted in a settlement house in the community. Only the more advanced immigrants, however, attend this class. The only cause favoring Americanization