SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The table next presented shows the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 57.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Eleven families are excluded which report income as "none."]

Of the total number of families studied, 96.6 per cent have an income from the earnings of the husband and 40.5 per cent have an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers. In 15.1 per cent of the total number of cases the children contribute to the family income. Only 2.7 per cent of the families have any income from the earnings of the wife.

The families whose heads were native-born of foreign father show the most general tendency toward a composite family income. The proportion of such families having an income from each specified source is greater, excepting the proportions having an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers, than that of any other class. Among the families whose heads were native whites born of native father the proportion of families having an income from the earnings of husband is slightly smaller than that of any other nativity group. Of the families whose heads were foreign-born, 45.7 per cent, a proportion not approached by any other class, have an income from

the payments of boarders or lodgers. This class, however, has the minimum proportion of families with an income from the earnings of the wife. The South Italians show a general tendency to have a family income solely from the earnings of the husband. Only a relatively small proportion of families have an income from any other source. In every race the proportion of families having an income from the earnings of husband is larger than the proportion having an income from any other source.

Generally speaking, the family income of the races of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe is made up of the earnings of the husband and the payments of boarders or lodgers. The earnings of the husband, contributions of children, and other sources are common factors in the family income of the races of immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe. In all races the earnings of the wife are a comparatively small factor.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the source of family income in detail, exclusive of all other than the source specified:

TABLE 58.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Eleven families are excluded which report income as "none."]

From a study made of 2,038 families it is seen that 40.5 per cent derive their entire income from the husband alone, 33.1 per cent obtain their entire income from the husband and boarders or lodgers, while 14.7 per cent have their entire income from sources or combination of sources not specified. Of families heads of which were native whites born of native father, native negroes born of native father, native whites born of foreign father, or foreign-born, the negro households have the highest percentage of families depending entirely upon the husband for their support. Families whose heads were native whites born of native father follow the negro, but with much smaller proportions, while the families whose heads were native-born of foreign father exhibit only a slightly lower percentage than those whose heads were native whites born of native father. Among families whose heads were foreign-born only 36.1 per cent. depend upon the husband for the entire family income. Families whose heads were native-born of foreign father have higher and the foreign-born households lower proportions where the husband and wife are the source of the entire family income. Families whose heads were native-born of native father show the highest percentage deriving entire income from husband and children.

On the other hand, the families of foreign-born heads show a very much larger proportion as having their family income exclusively from husband and boarders or lodgers than the other nativity groups, and also the highest percentage having the entire income from sources or combination of sources not specified. Of families whose heads were native-born of foreign father, the Irish exhibit a very high percentage depending upon the husband alone for the entire income. Germans of this nativity class show greater proportions than the Irish depending upon husband and boarders or lodgers and sources or combination of sources not specified. Of the families whose heads were foreign-born, the South Italians and French show over 50 per cent who derive their entire income from the husband, while Servians and Roumanians have less than 10 per cent of their families having the entire income from this source. Families whose heads were Servians, Roumanians, Ruthenians, and Croatians, in the order named, show between 65 and 80 per cent with their entire income from the husband and boarders or lodgers, while French, English, Scotch, and Irish, in the order mentioned, have a very low proportion of families having the entire income from this source. Families whose heads were Slovaks and Magyars alone show small proportions having the entire income from the wife. A small proportion of Irish, Scotch, South Italian, and Magyar families derive their entire income from the children. Only Slovenian, Magyar, and German families exhibit proportions deriving the entire income from children and boarders or lodgers. Servian, Magyar, Slovak, Croatian, and Polish families show a small proportion having entire income from boarders or lodgers.

It should be noted in general that the more recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe show the highest percentage supplementing the husband's income by taking boarders or lodgers; those whose heads were Irish the highest percentage augmenting the family income by the earnings of children. Races from Great Britain and from northern Europe exhibit the greatest proportion of families

deriving their entire income from sources or combination of sources not specified in the table.

The following table shows by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family the per cent of families having their entire family income from husbands:

TABLE 59.-Per cent of families having entire income from husband, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The total number of native-born families, as shown in the above. table, have a very much larger proportion receiving their entire income from husbands than have the foreign-born. Of the families in the South whose heads were of native birth, 80.5 per cent-which is the largest proportion shown in any locality-58.1 per cent of those in the Pittsburg district, 50 per cent of those in Community C, and 68.9 per cent of those in Community D in the East, obtain their entire income from the earnings of husbands, as contrasted with only 55.9 per cent of the foreign-born families in the South, 27.6 per cent in the Pittsburg district, 21.2 per cent in Community C, and 44.7 per cent in Community D of the East. Of the families whose heads were born abroad, all races, with the exception of the Magyars and Servians, in the Pittsburg district, have a smaller proportion securing their entire income from husbands than in the other localities. The smallest proportion of families of any race in any locality is shown by the Servians in Community C of the East, of which only 6.5 per cent have their entire income from the earnings of the heads. The Magyars in the same locality make almost as unfavorable a showing, with only 10 per cent of their families securing their funds from the earnings of husbands. The South Italian families in the South exhibit the highest percentage shown by families of any race in any locality who depend entirely upon the husbands for support.

The Slovak families in the two localities in which they are represented the South and the Pittsburg district of the East-also make a very good showing.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of total annual family income derived from husband, wife, children, boarders, or lodgers, and other sources.

TABLE 60.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Eleven families are excluded which report income as "none."]

A total of 2,038 families were selected for the study of yearly family income from certain specified sources. For that total number of families, 69.2 per cent of the total income is derived from the earnings of the husband, 17.2 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers, 10.4 per cent from the contributions of children and less than 4 per cent from both sources not specified and from earnings of wife. When compared with the households the heads of which were native-born of foreign father, those, the heads of which were foreignborn, show a smaller proportion of the annual family income arising from the earnings of the husband, earnings of the wife, and from sources not specified, and a larger proportion from contributions of