The public-school system is made use of by the Protestant immigrants and some of the immigrant families. The high school in connection with the public-school system is fairly well equipped and has property valued as follows:

The teachers in the high school are three in number, all women, and the total of their salaries for the nine school months is approximately $2,500. The registration, by classes, is as follows:

The average daily attendance for boys was 7 and for girls 14; total, 21. The number of graduates for the year preceding the investigation was two-one boy and one girl. The total number of volumes in the school library is 353, of which number 151 were added during the past year, and their value is estimated at $200. All of the teachers in the public-school system are native-born Americans, mostly of Irish, Scotch-Irish, and German descent, and nearly all come to the community from the adjoining city.

The only library facilities in the community are those offered by the high school and one social settlement. The high-school library books were selected to meet the demands of the students in the school and with no reference to the possible use of the library by the immigrant residents of the community. In fact, the library is not available for use by the workingmen, as the school building is closed after 4 o'clock in the evening, and the workers in the steel mills are usually engaged at their work until 6 o'clock, or, if working a night shift, usually spend the day at home. Consequently, this library is not frequented by the immigrants, except by those enrolled as students in the school.

The library at the "settlement house" is designed particularly for the immigrants. Many of the books are in the Polish languagethe settlement is intended more to meet the needs of that race than of any other-and are helpful to the immigrants, in that the books are generally written for the peasant class and with a view to their advancement. This library is much frequented and the books, though few in number, are always in demand, and while being read are well cared for and usually are returned in good condition. There are a large number of volumes in the settlement house library, and the subjects covered by them are fiction, elementary civil government in the United States, and history.

a A technical term for an institution devoted to social welfare work.

IMMIGRANTS IN BUSINESS.

The large number of immigrants residing in Community D is a decided attraction for the immigrants who desire to engage in business there. The immigrant in business is placed, by the mere fact that he is an immigrant, at a decided advantage over native competitors, for the inhabitants of the community patronize with one accord those of their countrymen who operate stores and shops. This condition has caused the establishment of many immigrant enterprises in the community. The fact that the steel companies take no part in the business of supplying general merchandise to their employees leaves the field open to all who may desire to enter. The following table shows the number of immigrants engaged in business in Community D and the nature of the business followed:

Table 540.-Number of immigrants engaged in each specified business in Community D, by race of proprietor.

The information tabulated shows that over one-half of all the immigrants who are engaged in business are saloon owners, and that in each of the other kinds of trade the whole number in no case exceeds 14. A greater number of Poles than of any other race are engaged in business. The Croatians are second, and the Magyars come third. Each of the other races shows fewer than 10 individuals engaged in business. More than half of the Poles who are in business are saloon keepers. Eight operate grocery and meat stores, two own general merchandise establishments, and one is in the clothing business. The Croatians also show a large proportion who are in the saloon business. Over 75 per cent of the business men of this race are saloon owners. Over half of the Magyars reporting are in the saloon business, the others being owners of barber and butcher shops and grocery stores. Aside from the three races just mentioned, those in the saloon business are Germans, Servians, and Slovaks.

The following tables present detailed information as to the individuals who are engaged in business:

TABLE 541.-Present political condition of immigrants in business in Community D, by race of proprietor and by length of residence in the United States.

TABLE 542.-Number of immigrants engaged in each specified business in Community D, by race of proprietor and by length of residence in the United States.

TABLE 542.-Number of immigrants engaged in each specified business in Community D, by race of proprietor and by length of residence in the United States-Continued."

TABLE 543.-Literacy of immigrants in business in Community D and their ability to speak English, by kind of business and race of proprietor.

From the preceding tabulation it is seen that the largest single group reporting have resided in the United States for more than ten years, and that the second largest group is of those who have lived in the United States from five to nine years. Only a very small proportion of all the immigrants in business have lived in the United States under five years. Excepting one individual, who is nativeborn of foreign father, all of the immigrant business men were born abroad. About one-third have taken out first naturalization papers

and nearly the same number are fully naturalized. Table 542 shows that of those who reported what had been their occupation before starting in business a majority were laborers. The final table shows that nearly all persons engaged in the kinds of business under discussion are able to read and write in their native language and to speak English, but that the proportion who are able to read and write English is very small. As is shown by the foregoing table, 39 saloons are operated by immigrants in Community D.

In its appointments and in the character of drinks sold the immigrant saloon is modeled after the American institution. Various proprietors stated that the most popular drink sold is beer. The majority of immigrant men who work in the steel mill drink this beverage early in the morning before going to work, at the noon hour with their lunch, and during the evenings which are spent in the saloon. Of course, the sale of intoxicants is not altogether restricted to beer, for whisky is a popular drink with a certain class of all the immigrant races, but with the average immigrant who frequents the bar, beer is the most popular. It is served in large "schooners," which hold 2 or 3 pints. The average immigrant workman drinks 5 or 6 of these portions during a normal day. When conditions are normal and the men have plenty of money to spend, the saloons, it is said, are the center of business activity in the community. At these times the bars are crowded with immigrants, and the business is so lucrative that in a few of the more popular resorts three and four bartenders are employed to assist the proprietor in serving the orders.

In this connection it is interesting to note that the saloons are frequented by the immigrant women and children with the same liberty as the men, and it is not considered unusual for the wives of the respective proprietors to assist in carrying on the business.

An important feature of the saloon business in this community is the fact that a traffic in licenses was found to exist. Many of the immigrants operating saloons are unable to speak English and are unfamiliar with the American system of procuring the right to sell intoxicants. They soon find that the easiest way to enter the saloon business is to have an American, who is familiar with the laws and customs, procure the license for them but in the name of the American operator, and to turn the license over to the immigrant who pays a specified sum for the service. This sum is often exorbitant. The regular license fee amounts to $475 per year. In one case it was said that an immigrant who, of himself, was unable to secure a license, did secure it through a native, on the payment of $100 in addition to the regular taxes.

Immigrants are found operating grocery stores, clothing stores, butcher shops, and many other businesses in addition to the saloons. These shops are generally small, the stock of goods is limited and of an inferior character, and the store is usually in connection with the residence of the proprietor, with the result that it resembles a house more than a shop. Usually every member of the family acts as salesman or saleswoman, as the case may be. In these businesses, as with the saloons, the Polish proprietors predominate. The amount of business carried on in any one of these shops in any given day is not great, but the proprietors, owing to their small