for wages. Of the total number of Poles reporting, 24.4 per cent were farm laborers without wages as compared with 2.4 per cent of the Croatians and none of the Magyars.

None of the Magyar or Polish females reporting worked for profit and only 2.4 per cent of the Croatians, and these were in occupations other than farming.

The tables next presented show, by race of individual, the industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of their arrival in this country:

TABLE 495.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

Table 496.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

(This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

Croatian.

44 4.5 0.0 2.3 0.0 81.8 6.8 90.9 2.3 0.0 2.3 0.0 2.3

2.3

Upon information obtained from 426 individuals it will be seen that 1.6 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States, 62 per cent were working for wages, 25.1 per cent without wages, and 11.3 per cent for profit. Of the total number reporting, 43.7 per cent were working for wages in various hand trades, as compared with 2.6 per cent who were laborers, 1.9 per cent who were

employed in the iron and steel industry, 0.7 per cent who were farm laborers, and 13.1 per cent who were engaged in other occupations. Among those who were working without wages, 24.2 per cent of the entire number reporting were farm laborers, as compared with but 0.9 per cent who were engaged in all other occupations, while among those working for profit 9.6 per cent were farmers and 1.6 per cent were engaged in other occupations. Only three races appear in the foregoing table-Croatian, Magyar, and Polish-and of these the Croatians show a greater proportion who were working for wages before coming to the United States than does either of the other races. The proportion of Croatians who were working for wages abroad is 90.9 per cent, as compared with 50 per cent of the Magyars and 63.4 per cent of the Poles. Most of the Croatians in this group, or 81.8 per cent, were employed in hand trades, none were employed as farm laborers or in the iron and steel industry, and only a small proportion as laborers or in miscellaneous occupations. The same is true in a general way of the two other races, the proportions in hand trades and miscellaneous occupations being much greater than the proportion of those who were farm laborers and those who were engaged in the iron and steel industry. The proportions of those who worked without wages and of those who worked for profit are smaller than the proportion of those who worked for wages. Only 2.3 per cent of the Croatians reporting worked without wages, and these were all employed as farm laborers, while 25 per cent of the Magyars and 26.5 per cent of the Poles, mostly farm laborers, worked without wages. Only 2.3 per cent of the Croatians worked for profit, and these were all in occupations other than farming; 21.7 per cent of the Magyars and 9.3 per cent of the Poles worked for profit, and in each case by far the greater proportion were farmers, the Magyars reporting 19.6 per cent, as compared with 7.8 per cent of the Poles.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The following table shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States:

TABLE 497.—Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of a total of 1,561 male employees reporting complete data in the preceding table 62 per cent were engaged either in farming or farm labor, 10.8 per cent in manufacturing iron and steel, 2.2 per cent in other manufacturing, 10.3 per cent in general labor, 7.1 per cent in hand trades, 1.7 per cent in independent trades, and 5.9 per cent in other occupations before coming to the United States. Each race shows that by far the largest proportion were engaged in farming or farm labor, while the proportion of each who were engaged in manufacturing iron and steel is smaller than the proportion who were engaged in general labor and larger than the proportion who were engaged in independent trades.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation in the community of females 16 years of age or over in the households studied:

TABLE 498.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The foregoing table, so far as the several races shown are concerned, clearly indicates that almost all the foreign-born women are at home, the only two exceptions being 1.2 per cent of the Magyar and 1.5 per cent of the Polish women, who are engaged in domestic service. None of the women of native birth and of native father are in domestic service, but 7.3 per cent are engaged in trade and 2.4 per cent in miscellaneous occupations. On the other hand, 4.3 per cent of the women of native birth, but of foreign father, are in domestic service, while 2.1 per cent are otherwise employed. None of the foreign women are at school, as compared with 2.4 per cent of the nativeborn of native father and 8.5 per cent of the native-born of foreign father.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the general occupation in the community of males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over:

TABLE 499.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The totals of the foregoing table show a larger proportion of foreign-born than of native-born persons engaged in iron and steel manufacturing, and a smaller proportion at school and at home. The significant fact shown by the table is the tendency of the persons native-born of foreign father, or of the second generation, to engage in outside work, 9.1 per cent being employed in occupations other than those of the steel industry, as compared with only 4.2 per cent of the foreign-born. Of the second generation, 6.8 per cent are at home, as contrasted with only 1.7 per cent of the foreign-born, and 11.4 per cent of the former are at school, and only 0.4 per cent of the latter. Of the foreign-born, the Magyars and Poles exhibit a slight tendency to secure work outside of the steel plant. All of the Croatians who are employed are at work in the steel mills, and none of this race are at school.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the per cent of male employees studied in the community who were 18 years of age or over and who were earning each specified rate per week.

TABLE 500.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The greater proportion of the total number of males 18 years of age or over earn $10 or more each week. The highest general level of earnings is among the native-born employees of native father, and those native-born of foreign father. The greater proportion of each of these two classes earn $12.50 or over weekly. The foreign-born iron and steel workers have the smallest proportions earning each specified amount per week. The employees native-born of native father have the largest proportions earning each specified amount under $15, but the native-born of foreign father have, with one exception, a slightly greater proportion earning each specified amount from $15 upward. The Irish and Germans have the highest level of earnings among the foreign-born. The greater proportion of each of these races earn $12.50 or more a week. The Irish, however, have a decidedly higher proportion earning each specified amount over $12.50 than have the Germans. The Slovaks, Croatians, and Magyars in general show the lowest earning capacity, the earnings each week of the greater proportion of each of these races being less than $10.