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Slightly less than 50 per cent of all persons included in the above table have resided in the United States under five years, as compared with 25 per cent who have resided in this country for from five to nine years. Only 5.1 per cent have resided here from ten to fourteen years, and 6.4 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years. The proportion of 15.8 per cent who have lived in the United States for twenty years or over is greater than that for either of the two preceding periods, but this is due to the fact that an indefinite number of years is included in the tabulation. Of the persons who have been in the United States under five years, the Magyars show the largest proportion, and are closely followed by the Croatians and Slovaks. The Germans have the smallest proportion who have resided here during the minimum period. Among those who have lived in this country from five to nine years, the North Italians show the largest proportion and the English and Irish the smallest.

The proportions of persons who have lived in this country from ten to fourteen years are smaller than those in the preceding columns, except in the case of the Germans who have been here under five years. The North Italians show the largest proportion, followed by the Canadians. The Slovaks and Magyars have the smallest. The Canadians other than French, Germans, and Irish are the only races in the community showing a proportion in excess of 10 per cent who have resided in the United States from fifteen to nineteen years. The Slovenians show no persons in this period of residence. None of the Croatians, North Italians, or Slovenians studied have resided in this country for twenty or more years. The Germans, Canadians, English, and Irish exhibit large proportions as compared with the Magyars, Poles, and Slovaks, each of which races shows less than 10 per cent.

The following table shows by race, of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who have been in the United States each specified number of years:

TABLE 491.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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The preceding table shows that the smallest proportion of the foreignborn members of the housholds studied have been in the United States less than five years, and about three-fourths have had a residence of less than ten years, while only 8.3 per cent have been in this country more than twenty years. Only 3.6 per cent of the Croatians and 6.8 per cent of the Magyars are of a residence of more than ten years, and all the Croatians and practically all the Magyars have been in this country under twenty years. On the other hand, 50 per cent of the Germans and 60 per cent of the Irish have been in the United States more than twenty years.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The present racial classification of employees is shown by the following table, which exhibits the number and per cent of male employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 492.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity

and race.

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Information was secured in this locality for 2,820 male employees, 63.5 per cent of whom are foreign-born, 18.1 per cent native-born of foreign father, and 18.4 per cent native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born, information was secured for a much larger number of Poles than Magyars, who, in turn, constitute a slightly larger proportion than the Croatians, and a very much larger proportion of the foreign-born employees than any other race. The majority of the

foreign-born races each constitute less than 1 per cent of all employees for whom information was secured. Among persons native-born of foreign father, a slightly larger number of those whose fathers were born in Ireland than in Germany were studied in this locality, the combined numbers constituting 13.9 per cent of all male employees, while those employees whose fathers were born in England constitute but 1.1 per cent. The number of white persons native-born of native father studied in this locality is exceeded only by the number of Poles, the whites constituting 17.3 per cent of all employees for whom information was obtained.

METHODS OF SECURING RECENT IMMIGRANTS.

The first workers in the steel plants came from the Polish and other immigrant colonies in the city adjoining the community. The operating companies made use of the labor agencies of New York City, and also those in other cities, to secure men. At the present time, however, the constant influx of friends and relatives of immigrants already in the community creates a labor supply sufficient to meet the demands of the various companies located in the community.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-Weekly earningsRelation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income[Text Tables 493 to 513 and General Tables 267 to 279].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering into an examination of the industrial condition of the foreign-born iron and steel workers and members of their households in the community at the present time, it will be profitable to set forth their industrial training and experience before coming to the United States. In this connection the following tables show, by race of individual, the industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at the time of their arrival in the United States:

TABLE 493.—Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

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TABLE 494.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Upon information obtained from 372 individuals, it is found that 51.9 per cent of the total number of females reporting were without occupation before coming to the United States. Those who were employed before coming to the United States are divided into three groups: (1) Those who worked for wages, the proportion of whom represents 29.6 per cent of all females reporting; (2) those who worked without wages, 18.3 per cent; and (3) those who worked for profit, 0.3 per cent. Of the total number of females reporting 14.8 per cent were working for wages as farm laborers, and 12.9 per cent in domestic service, as compared with but 0.3 per cent who were factory operatives, 0.8 per cent who were employed in hand trades, and 0.8 per cent who were engaged in other wage-paying occupations. Of the total number reporting 16.1 per cent were farm laborers working without wages, as compared with but 2.2 per cent who were engaged in all other occupations without wages, while none were farmers for profit and but 0.3 per cent of the entire number were in other occupations for profit.

Only three races appear in the foregoing table, Croatian, Magyar, and Polish, and of these the Croatians show a greater proportion who were working for wages before coming to the United States than does either of the other races. The proportion of Croatians who were working for wages abroad is 78 per cent, as compared with 9.2 per cent of the Magyars and 29.5 per cent of the Poles. Nearly all of the Croatians in this group were employed as farm laborers, the proportion being 63.4 per cent of the total number as compared with 7.3 per cent in hand trades, 4.9 per cent in domestic service, and 2.4 per cent in miscellaneous occupations.

In contrast to the large proportion of Croatian females who worked for wages as farm laborers, only 3.9 per cent of the Magyars and 11.1 per cent of the Poles were engaged in that occupation. The largest proportions of the Magyars and Poles are found in domestic service, the latter reporting 17.1 per cent as compared with 5.3 per cent of the former.

The proportion of those of all races who worked without wages and for profit is small when compared with the proportion who worked

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