The largest proportion, or 82.7 per cent, of the 353 children studied in the preceding table are at school, 8.8 per cent being at home and 8.5 per cent at work. Employees native-born of foreign father report only a slightly larger proportion than the native-born white, while the foreign-born show the smallest proportion at school. Persons native-born of native father and the native-born of foreign father each show approximately the same proportion at home and at work, these proportions being between 5 and 6 per cent, as compared with 17.8 per cent of the foreign-born at home and the same proportion at work.

Children born in the United States whose fathers are German show a larger proportion at school and a smaller proportion at work than do children foreign-born whose fathers are German. No children of the former class are at home.

CITIZENSHIP.

The following table shows the present political condition of foreignborn male employees, within the households studied, who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race:

TABLE 475.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

Information was secured in this locality for 414 foreign-born male employees, and of this number 22.7 per cent are fully naturalized, while an additional 8.5 per cent have declared their intention to become citizens. Employees of only four races in this locality are reported in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison. Of these the Germans and South Italians show similar proportions, both fully naturalized and having first papers only-the Germans reporting the largest proportion fully naturalized, or 44.2 per cent. On the other hand the Magyars and Croatians each show a very small proportion fully naturalized or having first papers-less than 10 per cent in either case having manifested any interest in becoming citizens of this country.

The following table shows, by years in the United States and race, the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of immigration to the United States:

TABLE 476.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years less than 1 per cent are fully naturalized and 4.3 per cent have secured first papers, while of those in the United States ten years or over 51.4 per cent are fully naturalized and an additional 14 per cent have declared their intention to become citizens. The Croatians alone in this locality are reported in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison as between the different periods of residence. No interest whatever has been manifested in citizenship by the male employees of this race who have been in the United States from five to nine years, while of those who have been in this country ten years or over 14.3 per cent are fully naturalized and an additional 17.9 per cent have secured first papers.

The following table shows the present political condition of foreignborn males within the households studied who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:

TABLE 477.-Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

The above table shows that of the 185 foreign-born males in this locality for whom information was obtained only 23.2 per cent are fully naturalized, while an additional 10.3 per cent have secured first papers. No Servians for whom information was obtained in this locality are fully naturalized and only 4.2 per cent have manifested any desire to become citizens, while of the South Italians 44.8 per cent are fully naturalized and an additional 6.9 per cent have secured first papers. The proportion of South Italians fully naturalized is considerably in excess of the proportion of Germans, while the reverse is true of those who have secured first papers only. As compared with the above-mentioned races, the Slovenians and Croatians report only a very small per cent fully naturalized. On the other hand, the Slovenians report a slightly larger proportion having first papers only than fully naturalized.

The table of voters is derived from the assessors' registration lists for the wards and precincts which comprise the two foreign sections of the borough. One precinct of the second ward, two precincts of the third ward, and all of the fourth ward are omitted. These make up the native section of the town where few immigrants are found.

The table immediately following shows the actual dimensions of the immigrant vote in the foreign sections of Community C and emphasizes the exceptional number of Italians who have acquired political privileges. Mention should be made of the fact that many German citizens live just outside of the borough limits in adjoining towns, as well as in the native sections of the town, and consequently do not appear in the table. It will be observed that the Croatians, although at least twice as numerous as the Slovenians, have but 26 voters to 28 among the latter.

TABLE 478.-Number of immigrant voters of each race in Community C, by ward and

The Servians are represented by only six voters. This is not conclusive evidence, however, that they will not become citizens, inasmuch as they are very recent comers to this country. Similarly, the fact that only one Magyar is a voter should be considered in connection with the short term of residence of these people in the country and their location outside the borough limits. Less than half a dozen Macedonians have been in the country long enough to become voters. At the present session of the naturalization court the largest property owner among the Macedonians appeared for examination, but became confused in his answers and was unable to satisfy the court as to his fitness for citizenship. The Hebrews show a marked tendency toward naturalization. They have also recently organized a "Hebrew Political Club of -," with meetings Sunday afternoons at the synagogue. The Irish and English voters are largely found in other sections of the borough than those indicated in the table. With regard to the causes preventing foreigners in this community from becoming citizens of the country four factors should be borne in mind:

(1) Most of the Slavic and Hungarian immigrants arrive there with the fixed purpose of returning to their native land. It is many years before the last vestige of this intention disappears from the minds of those who actually spend a long period in this country. Among the Macedonians this purpose is practically universal, hardly a man intending to remain permanently in the United States.

(2) The requirements for naturalization are now so high that many immigrants who speak English and are of average intelligence shrink from the examination before the court and defer this ordeal indefinitely.

(3) Men who have sworn allegiance to the Emperor Franz Josef upon entering the army sometimes have the feeling that they have assumed an obligation to loyalty which can not be terminated at will; that the part of a faithful man is to abide by his oath and to refrain from any other allegiance. As a Croatian immigrant expressed it, "I can not swear to two men-that would not be right."

(4) Finally, the absence of any strong incentive and the natural inertia of sluggish minds accounts for the fact that some remain unnaturalized.

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With regard to the influences controlling these immigrant voters, it seems to be true here, as elsewhere, that men of prominence of their own race exert immediate influence upon them, and that these leaders are in turn in touch with influences higher up in the political organizations with which they are affiliated. The total foreign vote in the community is of course insignificant and can not be said to affect the situation. In the wards where foreigners are most numerous, however, the immigrant voter is cultivated and instructed with great care by workers for the political boss, who in the first ward is a member of the borough council and enjoys a monopoly of the saloon business in the southern end of the borough.

ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

The following table shows the percentage of persons 6 years of age or over within the households studied who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 479.-Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all non-English-speaking races.]

In the above table, of a total of 1,364 persons studied 48.4 per cent can speak English, this proportion comprising 42.3 per cent of the 503 females studied and a somewhat larger proportion of the 861 males. Of the foreign-born but 38.8 per cent of the total can speak English, the proportion of the males reporting ability to speak being somewhat larger than the corresponding proportion of the females. Of the persons native-born of foreign father, only 6.3 per cent of the total reports inability to speak English, the proportion of English-speaking males being again somewhat larger than that of the females.