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recently been established among the Hebrew population of the community in the shape of a society called the "Hebrew Political Club," which encourages the naturalization of men of that race. Meetings are held at which topics of political interest are discussed. At present there are about fifty members. There are no dues or benefit features.

IMMIGRANT CHURCHES.

The English-speaking Roman Catholic Church of the community is the parent of the three Roman Catholic churches now in existence. As successive races of foreigners were drawn to the locality the priest in charge of the English-speaking church made such arrangements as he was able in order that at intervals, at least, communicants of foreign race might be ministered to by clergymen speaking their own languages. When, however, just before 1900, the stream of immigrants began to increase very rapidly it was felt that the occasional visits of priests speaking foreign languages were no longer adequate. Hence, in September, 1898, the first of the foreign Catholic churches was organized. This was the Croatian-Slovenian Church, now the largest of the Catholic churches of the community.

The second foreign Catholic Church to be organized was the Italian, which dates from 1901. The Italians had been members of the community for fifteen years before that time, but their numbers had not been sufficient to warrant the organization of an Italian church. Finally, in 1902, the heavy immigration of HungarianGermans led to the organization of a German Catholic Church. the present time its membership, like that of the Croatian-Slovenian Church, is not confined to a single race. Four families are Germans from Germany, 105 are Germans from Hungary, and about 16 are Magyars. Members of this latter race, now present to the number of perhaps 500, are without any church of their own, and, so far as they attend worship, are in the habit of affiliating with their old-time Teutonic neighbors.

The Servian Orthodox Church, holding with the Eastern, or Greek, Church, was organized here in 1903. It claims all the AustroHungarian Servians, Roumanians, and Bulgarians, but it is very doubtful if the claim of 3,000 members (see table) can be substantiated since the recent exodus, even by the inclusion of the total number of all these races in the community. One-half the number would probably be nearer correct. The total members of the Croatian-Slovenian Church likewise would fall probably several hundred short of the figure given, since the departure of some 600 of its members during the past twelve months. The oldest of the foreign churches is that of the German Evangelical Lutherans, which dates from the earlier German immigration of the seventies. The church was organized in 1875. It has not been affected by the recent arrival of Germans from Hungary. The Hebrew congregation dates as an organization from the year 1906.

Further information regarding these churches will be found in the following table:

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The native churches, with the exception of the parent Roman Catholic Church, can not be said to particularly affect the situation created by the coming of the recent immigrants to the community. A Bible society, however, has distributed by colporteurs some 200 copies of the Bible or portions of the Bible each summer for the past seven or eight years. Occasionally attempts have been made to gather a few of the foreign children into the Sunday school of some native church, uniformly without permanent success. As to work not religious in its nature, nothing has been brought to the attention of the writer except the establishment during the winter of 1906 and 1907 of a Young Men's Christian Association night school for foreign men. A Bulgarian teacher was secured from Philadelphia, and for a time a considerable number of men, principally Bulgarians, enjoyed the advantages offered. These Bulgarians from Macedonia are loosely attached to the Servian congregation and proved more open to such efforts than did other members of the foreign population who saw in voluntary religious services held on Sundays through the same agency an attempt at proselyting among them.

Of social work, such as kindergartens, day nurseries, settlements, sewing, cooking or other classes, mother's meetings, and the provision of bathing facilities, the native churches know nothing. The barrier of race and language has so far resulted in the almost complete isolation of the foreign population. At the Young Men's Christian Association it is stated that foreign men could not be induced to go to the association building; that they felt uncomfortable and awkward in the company of Americans, remembering, no doubt, the open ridicule which "Hunkies" often evoke from crowds of American youths standing on the streets in the evening. Religious work among the immigrants is at the present time practically confined to the maintenance among them of the forms of worship to which they are accustomed.

CHAPTER IX.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Accumulation of property and money sent abroad-Ownership of homes-Immigrants in business-Immigrants in the professions-School attendance-Status of children in the households studied--Citizenship- Ability to speak English— General influences for and against Americanization-[Text Tables 467 to 484 and General Tables 253 to 261].

ACCUMULATION OF PROPERTY AND MONEY SENT ABROAD.

Thrift among immigrants shows itself in two ways-in the establishment of bank accounts and in the purchase of homes or business property. Closely connected with the first is the remitting of funds. to Europe. Recent immigrants and those expecting to return to their former homes, those who have relatives there dependent upon them for support, or who intend to bring relatives to this country are in the habit of accumulating funds in the banks. Others have arrived at the stage where permanent settlement of the entire family in this country has been accomplished, and these are in the habit of investing their savings in homes and sometimes in small businesses. Originally the aliens deposited their savings with immigrant banks. They lost confidence in these institutions, however, because they cheated in many ways and in numerous cases defrauded depositors of their entire savings. There are now no immigrant banks in Community C. Within the past year or two the aliens have acquired the habit of depositing in American banks. The bulk of such deposits are placed with the community's National Bank.

Of the $150,000 withdrawn from this bank in connection with the recent exodus of immigrants, it is not strange that the greater part was withdrawn by recent immigrants who had acquired no permanent attachment to the country, and who hastened with their accumulated earnings to return to their homes and relatives abroad. The order of various races according to amounts withdrawn was: 1. Servian.

2. Croatian.
3. Magyar.

4. Macedonian.

5. Italian.

6. Slovenian.

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The following table shows by race and ward the aggregate assessed value of property owned by recent immigrants in the community:

TABLE 467.-Aggregate assessed value of property in each specified ward of Community C, by race of owner.

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The table next presented exhibits by race and ward the number of immigrant property owners in the locality.

TABLE 468.-Number of foreign-born property owners in each specified ward of Community C, by race.

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It will be noted that in value of property owned the order of races is quite different from the above. Referring to the population of the principal races a truer view of the progress which each has made in the acquisition of property is made possible.

TABLE 469.-Value of property and number of property owners of the foreign-born population of Community C, by race.

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