heads are native-born of native father with a slightly higher average, while those whose heads are foreign-born show the most crowded conditions, their average being 2.25 persons per sleeping room. Of the households whose heads are native-born of foreign father by race of father, the English have the highest average number of persons per sleeping room, followed by Germans and Irish, in the order named, with slightly smaller averages. Foreign-born races in most instances show a high average number of persons per sleeping room, the most congested conditions existing in South Italian households, 2.7 persons occupying each sleeping room; Servians and Slovaks follow with a slightly smaller average, and Bulgarians, Slovenians, Magyars, Croatians, Germans, Irish, and English follow in the order mentioned. It is particularly noticeable that the older immigrant races, namely, Germans, Irish, and English, show less congestion in sleeping rooms than the more recently arrived immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

The foreign-born show by far the largest proportion of households having a large number of persons per sleeping room, while those whose heads are native-born of foreign father have only 33.3 per cent with 2 or more occupants per sleeping room and 1.7 per cent with 3 or more. Among the native-born of foreign father, the Germans exhibit the highest percentage having 2 or more occupants per sleeping room, followed by the Irish; neither, however, reports 3 or more occupants per sleeping room.

Of the foreign-born races, the South Italians show the highest percentage of households with 2 or more persons per sleeping room. Servians, Slovenians, Magyars, Croatians, Germans, and Irish follow in the order mentioned, the last-named race exhibiting very small proportions. South Italians show the largest proportion of households having 3 or more occupants per sleeping room, followed by the Croatians, Servians, Slovenians, Magyars, and Germans in the order named. Slovenians and South Italians exhibit the highest percentage with 4 or more persons per room, Germans, Servians, Croatians, and Magyars following consecutively. Slovenians show the highest per cent with 5 or more persons per sleeping room, followed by Servians, Germans, South Italians, and Croatians, while Slovenians, South Italians, and Germans are the only races computed showing 6 or more persons per sleeping room.

The following table shows the number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 452.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

As regards the 405 households studied in this locality, it will be noted that the average number of rooms per household is 6.05, while the average number of sleeping rooms per household is 3.26. Households whose heads are foreign-born show a slightly smaller average number of rooms, and a slightly larger average number of sleeping rooms, per household than is shown in the total for all households. The reverse, however, is true of those households whose heads are native-born of foreign father, while those households whose heads are white persons native-born of native father show both a lower average number of rooms and sleeping rooms per household. As regards the average number of sleeping rooms per household, among those households whose heads are foreign-born it will be noted that the Bulgarians report the largest average, or 4.67, and the South Italians the lowest, or 2.74-the others ranging from 3.95 for the Irish to 3.08 for the Magyar households. Of households whose heads are native-born of foreign father, the English, Irish, and German households each show an average number of rooms per household in excess of that shown in the total for all households, while the reverse is true as regards the number of sleeping rooms per household.

Among the households sleeping in each specified number of rooms, it will be noted that less than 1 per cent use all rooms for sleeping, while 21 and 20 per cent use all except 1 room and all except 2 rooms, respectively. Households the heads of which are foreign-born, it will be noted, show a slightly larger proportion sleeping in all except 1 room and in all except 2 rooms, and a slightly smaller proportion sleeping in all rooms, than is shown in the total for all households. On the other hand, no households the heads of which are nativeborn of foreign father use all rooms for sleeping, or all except 1 room, and only a small proportion, or 1.7 per cent, use all except 2 rooms, while households whose heads are white persons native-born of native father report 10 per cent using all rooms for sleeping and 5 per cent who use all except 2 rooms.

Among those households the heads of which are foreign-born the Germans alone report a small proportion using all rooms to sleep in. None of the Irish households use all except 1 or all except 2 rooms to sleep in. The Magyar and Servian households, with 44.7 per cent each, show a considerably larger proportion sleeping in all except 1 room than do the German or Croatian households, and a much larger proportion than do either the South Italian or Slovenian households. Of those households sleeping in all except 2 rooms, the Slovenian households, with 34.3 per cent, show a slightly larger proportion than do the Servian or Croatian households, and a considerably larger proportion than do the South Italian, Magyar, or German households.

CHAPTER VII.

SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.

Diseases peculiar to immigrants-Criminality-Literacy-Conjugal condition-Age classification of employees and members of their households [Text Tables 453 to 465 and General Tables 244 to 252].

DISEASES PECULIAR TO IMMIGRANTS.

The initial difficulty met with by physicians practicing among the immigrants is the attitude toward treatment which the latter assume. A single visit must produce marked improvement in the patient or the physician is likely to be dismissed, another being summoned if the case is serious. Either through fear of incurring expense or ignorance of the conditions entering into the cure of disease, they in many cases defer calling a physician until it is too late. The Italians are said to be an exception to this rule. Owing to the fact just referred to the tardiness with which a physician is summonedand the crowded and hence insanitary conditions in boarding houses, and the poor diet and care, immigrants overtaken by serious disease seldom recover. The better class of Italians, Jews, and Germans are the most susceptible to treatment.

In general, the immigrant population is composed of young and vigorous people in the prime of life, with few children and almost no old persons among their number. Consequently, diseases of the heart are practically absent. The infectious diseases which are present to a significant degree are typhoid fever and tuberculosis. The city is now supplied with a modern filtration plant by which all parts of the borough are furnished with good drinking water. Wells, however, are still used in outlying districts. With reasonable precautions on the part of the borough authorities there ought to be no serious outbreak of typhoid in the future. The Servians and Macedonians have been the severest sufferers from this disease, and they are reported by physicians to be the least cleanly of all the races. It is thought that this characterization is somewhat unjust to the Macedonians, whose houses appear fairly clean and wholesome.

Of tuberculosis, about 20 per cent of the cases occur among the negroes. Among the foreign population the Slavic races and the poorer class of Jews are most subject to it. The health officer-the executive arm of the board of health-expressed himself as quite uninformed with regard to the exact race of the families with which he comes in contact in the performance of his duties.

One physician expressed the opinion that a number of cases of tuberculosis are contracted by the immigrants in their native land, and that they are allowed to enter this country in spite of their condition. He states that several such cases have come under his observation where the disease was evident on landing in this country, and one case in particular where the person was treated in Europe more than a year before coming here. There seems to be a general