Of a total of 4,366 males 18 years of age or over, working for wages, 24.1 per cent, as shown by the above table, earn under $200 annually; 68.4 per cent earn less than $400; 90.2 per cent earn under $600; and 98.6 per cent earn under $1,000 per annum.

The foreign-born males show a larger proportion than those who were native-born of foreign father, while the native-born of foreign father have a larger proportion than the native whites born of native father earning under each specified amount.

As regards the foreign-born, it will be seen that 100 per cent, or the entire number of Bulgarians, Croatians, North Italians, Magyars, Roumanians, Ruthenians, Servians, and Slovenians earn under $1,000 annually. All of the Greeks and Macedonians earn less than $600 per annum. The French is the only race of which the entire number earn $200 or over each year.

The table next presented shows, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual, the average earnings, approximate, of males 18 years of age or over:

TABLE 45.-Average yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over working for wages, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Upon referring to the preceding table, it is seen that the average annual earnings of males, native-born of native father, together with the Irish who were native-born of foreign father, and the total nativeborn are higher in the Pittsburg district in the East than in any of the other localities. The average annual earnings for the native whites in the Pittsburg district is $677, for the second generation Irish $647, and for the total native-born $623. Both the native-born and foreign-born exhibit the lowest annual earnings in Community C in the East, where the annual earnings for the total native-born are $450, as contrasted with $271 for the total foreign-born. Of the foreign-born males the earnings of the Bulgarians and Servians are lower than those of all other races in the localities in which they are represented, while those of the English, Irish, and Germans are higher, the only exception being in the case of the Irish in Community D in the East, where the Croatians show a somewhat larger amount earned annually. The English and Poles have higher average annual earnings in the South than in the other localities in which these races appear, while the Irish, North and South Italians, Servians, and Slovaks exhibit higher earnings in the Pittsburg district of the East.

The following table shows the percentage of males, 18 years of age or over, earning under $400 annually, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 46. Per cent of males 18 years of age or over working for wages and earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

(This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

*Coppanty Land Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
→ Not ommpared, owing to sittail number involved.

The preceding table indicates that by far the larger number of foreign-born males who are employed in the iron and steel industry are earning less than $400 a year in all localities studied, the highest percentages earning under this amount being shown in the Middle West, the South, and in Community C in the East. On the other hand, only 32.1 per cent of the native-born persons in the Pittsburg district, 33.3 per cent in Community D, 49.3 per cent in Community C in the East, and 36.7 per cent in the South have annual earnings under $400. The native-born show a smaller proportion in the Pittsburg district and the foreign-born a smaller proportion in Community D earning less than $400 yearly than in the other localities. The highest proportion for the foreign-born is shown in the Middle West, and for the native-born in Community C in the East. The Bulgarians, Servians, and South Italians, with the exception of the last-named race in the Pittsburg district and Community C, have the highest proportions in the localities in which they are represented as compared with all other races earning less than $400 each year; 95.7 per cent of the Bulgarians in Community C in the East, 96.4 per cent of the Servians in the same locality, and 90.6 per cent of the South Italians in the South earning under $400 annually. On the other hand, the Germans exhibit the smallest percentages in the Pittsburg district and Community C. Referring to the East, all races, with the exception of the South Italian in Community C, have higher proportions earning under $400 a year than in the other localities; and the three races from whom information was received in Community D, the Croatians, Magyars, and Poles, show smaller proportions receiving less than $400 each year than in the Pittsburg district. On the other hand, the North and South Italians and Slovaks, which are shown for the Pittsburg district in the East and the South, have the smallest proportions, receiving less than $400 a year in the Pittsburg district.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The table next presented shows by general nativity and race of head of family the average annual family income and the per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 47.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

Of the families for which information was secured 97.1 per cent have a total yearly income of less than $1,500, 90.1 per cent an income of less than $1,000, 77.7 per cent an income of less than $750, 52.1 per cent an income of under $500, and only 20.8 per cent an income of under $300. The proportion of families having a total yearly income of under $300 is largest in the case of families of which the heads are foreign-born, second largest in the case of families of which the heads are native-born of native father, white, and smallest in the case of families of which the heads are nativeborn of native father, negro; the proportion of families having a total yearly income of under $500 is largest in the case of families of which the heads are foreign-born, second largest in the case of families of which the heads are negroes native-born of native father, and smallest in the case of families the heads of which are nativeborn of foreign father; and the proportion of families having a total yearly income of under $750 and under $1,000, respectively, is largest for families of which the heads are negroes native-born of native father, second largest for the families of which the heads are foreign-born, and smallest for the families of which the heads are native whites born of native father. The proportion of families whose heads are foreign-born and which have a total yearly income of under $300 a year is largest for the families of South Italian, Servian, and Polish heads, in the order mentioned; the proportion

of families having total yearly income of under $500 is largest for families of South Italian, Servian, Polish, French, and Slovak heads, in the order mentioned; and the proportion of families having a total yearly income of under $750 a year is largest for the families of South Italian, French, Polish, Servian, and Slovak heads, in the order mentioned.

The following table shows the average annual family income, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 48.-Average family income per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
> Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Upon referring to the totals in the table above, it is at once apparent that the families whose heads were native-born in all localities have a considerably larger average family income than those whose heads. were of foreign birth. The annual income of families whose heads were native-born of foreign father is also higher in the localities in which such families appear than the foreign-born, while the yearly income of families whose heads were native-born of native father is in most cases higher than of those whose heads were native-born of foreign father. Eliminating the Middle West, it is seen that the families both of native and of foreign heads have their lowest average annual income in the South, and their highest in the Pittsburg district in the East. Of the foreign-born families, the English and North Italians exhibit the greatest average annual income in the South, while the Croatian, German, South Italian, Polish, Servian, and Slovak families receive their largest yearly 48296°-VOL 8-11-6