In 55 per cent of the total number of families considered the wives have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. This considerable proportion, however, is mostly representative of the foreign-born families. In the families whose heads are native-born of native father only 21.7 per cent of the wives are employed or keep boarders or lodgers, and in the families of the native-born of foreign father 23.2 per cent of the wives. The employment of the wife or the keeping of boarders or lodgers is decidedly most general among the families where the husband earns less than $400 a year. It is least frequent when the husband earns $600 or over. In the families whose heads are native-born of native father wives are most commonly employed when the husband earns $400 and under $600. This is likewise true in the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father. In the families of the foreign-born, however, the employment of the wife or the keeping of boarders or lodgers is most frequent when the husband earns less than $400; it is most uncommon when the husband earns $400 and under $600. Among the specified races the wives most usually employed or keeping boarders or lodgers are those of the Servians and Magyars. There is also a relatively high proportion among the Croatians. The wife is employed or keeps boarders or lodgers least frequently in the South Italian and German families. It should also be noted that the amount of the husband's earnings seems to have the greatest effect on the employment of the wife among the South Italians, the proportion employed decreasing very rapidly as the husband's earnings increase.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 433.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Three families are excluded which report income as "none."]

Of the 403 families studied in this locality, 97.3 per cent have an income from earnings of the husband, 48.6 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers, 21.3 per cent from the contributions of children, 7.2 per cent from the earnings of wife, and 14.1 per cent from other sources.

Among the foreign-born it will be noted that, with the exception of the South Italians and Magyars, each race shows a very small proportion of families having no income from earnings of husband. No Servians have an income from earnings of wife or contributions of children, while identically the same proportions have an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers and from the earnings of husband-the Servians reporting the smallest proportion having an income from other sources, or 3.3 per cent. As regards the other foreign races, it will be noted that the proportion of Magyars having an income from earnings of wife is much greater than that of any other race. Aside from the husband, a larger proportion of families of each race have an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers than from any other source the South Italians showing the smallest proportion, or 45 per cent, while the Servians, as previously stated, show the largest proportion. The proportions of Germans having an income from the contributions of children and from other sources are in excess of those of any other race. The Germans nativeborn of foreign father, show a much smaller proportion of families. having an income from the contributions of children or from the payments of boarders or lodgers than do the Germans of foreign birth. The following table shows the source of family income in detail, exclusive of all other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 434.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Three families are excluded which report income as "none."]

The preceding table shows that a considerable proportion, or 27 per cent, of all the families derive their entire income from the earnings of husbands. The most usual source of entire income is that of husband combined with the keeping of boarders or lodgers, 37 per cent of the total number of families depending upon this source. Wives and children do not appear to any large extent as sources of income in this locality. Except for a small percentage of German families of the second generation, no households are supported entirely by children. The work of children in combination with the keeping of boarders or lodgers furnishes the entire income of a very small proportion of the foreign-born. Children in combination with the husband are the source of the entire income of 8.9 per cent of all households.

Of the foreign-born the South Italian families have the largest proportion of households where there is no other source of income than the husband, and the Servians the smallest. The Servians, on the contrary, have much the largest proportion of households supported from husband, in combination with boarders or lodgers, and are also the only race reporting families with entire income from boarders or lodgers.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows the per cent of total yearly income derived from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 435.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. Three families are excluded which report income as "none."]

In the preceding table 63.7 per cent of 403 selected families have a total yearly income from the earnings of the husband, 18.1 per cent from payments of boarders and lodgers, 12.8 per cent from contributions of children, 3.5 per cent from other sources, and 1.8 per cent from earnings of wife. Of the three nativity groups, the households whose heads are native-born of foreign father show the maximum percentage of 78.2 having a total yearly income from earnings of husband and the foreign-born the minimum of 59.3 per cent.

Comparing the different races of foreign birth, the South Italians show the maximum of 85.5 per cent having total yearly income from earnings of husband and the Magyars the minimum of 48.2 per cent. On the other hand, the Magyars have the maximum of 8.6 per cent of families deriving their total yearly income from earnings of wife and the Servians report no families with total income from this source as well as no families with total income from contributions of children and the minimum percentage of 0.8 having total yearly income from other sources. The Germans show the maximum of 17.6 per cent having total yearly income from contributions of children and the Servians the maximum of 48.6 per cent with annual income from payments of boarders and lodgers, the minimum of 9.2 per cent from this source being shown by the South Italians. The Germans and South Italians have a maximum of 2.3 per cent having total yearly income from other sources.