The preceding table shows a report from 1,969 male heads of families, with average annual earnings of $409. Of the total number, 3.4 per cent are earning under $100 a year, 15 per cent under $200, 55.5 per cent under $400, 84.2 per cent under $600, 95 per cent under $800, and 97.8 per cent under $1,000 a year.

The native-born heads of families appear throughout to have greater earning capacity than those of foreign birth. The native husbands born of white native father also maintain a general higher average earning ability than native-born of native negro father. Of the native-born of foreign father the Irish lead with average annual earnings of $674, while the English are second with $616, and the German next with an average of $493 a year.

Among the foreign-born, the older immigrants from Great Britain and northern Europe display greater earning ability than the newer immigrants from southern and eastern Europe. The Scotch and Welsh heads of families each have average annual earnings considerably above $600, while the English figure is $533, and the French, Irish, and German heads of families are above $400. Only two races of the newer immigration, the Ruthenians and Croatians, reach $400. The lowest wage-earners are the Servians, whose yearly average is only $246, no other race falling below $300.

A greater proportion of Servians than of any other race are earning under $100 a year. Among those who earn under $200 per annum the Servians, with 38.2 per cent, again make the most unfavorable showing. Only the English and Scotch of all races have less than 10 per cent of the heads of families earning under $200 annually, while the French have no representation whatever. More than 50 per cent of each race are found to be earning under $400, with the exception of the Scotch, English, and French of the older and the Ruthenians of the more recent immigration. Those earning under $600 include more than 75 per cent of all races, excepting the Scotch and English, whose proportions are considerably lower. Over 90 per cent of each race, except the Scotch and English, are shown as earning under $800. The Scotch have only 64.5 per cent and the English 83.3 per cent earning annually less than $800. All of the Croatians, North Italians, Magyars, Roumanians, Ruthenians, Servians, and Slovenians, and more than 95 per cent of the Poles, South Italians, Slovaks, Germans, French, and English earn less than $1,000 per annum. On the other hand, the Scotch have 26.8 per cent earning over $1,000 a year.

The table next presented shows, by locality and by general nativity and race, the average yearly earnings of male heads of families.

TABLE 42.—Average yearly earnings of male heads of families, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 10 or more male heads of selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.]

• Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

In the above table the heads of families who are native-born show the highest average annual earnings in the Pittsburg district in the East and the lowest in the South, while the foreign-born have the lowest yearly earnings in Community C in the East, followed by the South, and Community D and Pittsburg district in the East, and the Middle West, in the order named. The Croatians and Germans display a greater earning capacity in Community D, the Irish, North and South Italians, Poles, Slovaks, and Servians in the Pittsburg district, and the Magyars in the Middle West, as compared with other localities in which the races enumerated are represented. The heads of families who are native-born of native father, whites, earn more in the Pittsburg district than in any other locality.

The percentage of male heads of families earning under $400 per year is shown in the following table, according to locality and by general nativity and race:

TABLE 43.-Per cent of male heads of families earning under $400 per year, by locality and by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more male heads of selected families reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The totals in the preceding table show that much larger proportions of heads of families of foreign birth earn under $400 each year in all localities, except the Middle West, which reports no heads of native birth, than do the native-born heads. In the South 73.9 per cent of the foreign-born heads of families and 28.4 per cent of the native-born, and in the Pittsburg district in the East 50.1 per cent of the foreign-born and 21.4 per cent of the native-born, earn less than $400 annually. The total for the foreign-born heads shows the smallest proportion in the Middle West, and the largest in the South; while for the native-born, the smallest proportion earning this amount annually is found in Community D in the East, and the largest in Community C in the East. The South Italians exhibit their highest percentage in the South earning less than $400 per year, and their smallest in the Pittsburg district in the East. A larger percentage of the Slovaks are also seen to be earning under $400 in the South than in the Pittsburg district in the East, while the Croatians show a slightly lower percentage in Community D than in the Pittsburg district. The Germans, South Italians, Magyars, Poles, and Servians have smaller proportions in the Pittsburg district earning less than $400 each year than in Community C or Community D.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table and its accompanying chart show the approximate annual earnings of males in the households studied who were 18 years of age or over. The presentation is by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 44.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.