WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The following table shows the percentage of male employees of the local iron and steel establishment, 18 years of age or over, earning each specified amount per week. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 422.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

From the foregoing table it will be seen that slightly less than 25 per cent of the 3,343 male employees for whom information was obtained, earn under $7.50 per week, 44.4 per cent earn $10 or over, 25.8 per cent $12.50 or over, and 14.5 per cent $15 or over, while the proportions earning higher specified amounts per week range from 3.7 per cent for those earning $17.50 or over to 0.1 per cent for those earning $25 or over per week. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show proportions earning each specified amount per week considerably below those shown in the total for all employees-the difference being less marked among those earning the higher specified amounts per week. The negroes native-born of native father, on the other hand, while showing a slightly larger proportion earning $7.50 or over and $12.50 or over, report a considerably smaller proportion earning $15 or over per week than is shown in the total for all employees.

Among the foreign-born it will be noted that a considerably larger proportion of Germans than of Croatians earn $10 or over per week. In striking contrast with this are the very low proportions of both the Magyars and Servians earning that amount the Magyars reporting the smallest proportion, or 5.6 per cent. The Magyars and Servians again show extremely small proportions, earning $12.50 or

over per week, while the Germans, with 20 per cent earning this amount, show a much larger proportion than do the Croatians. None of the Servians and only 0.4 per cent of the Magyars earn $15 or over per week, while the Germans and Croatians report 6.8 and 1.3 per cent, respectively. None of the Croatians, Magyars, or Servians earn $17.50 or over, while the proportion of Germans earning $17.50 or over is less than 2 per cent. The Germans native-born of foreign father, however, show a very much larger proportion than do the foreign-born Germans earning $10 or over, $12.50 or over, and $15 or over per week.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The table next presented shows the comparative earnings each week of foreign-born male iron and steel workers 18 years of age or over, according to race and length of residence in the United States. The residence periods are placed under each race in order that a comparison may be had of the tendencies exhibited by each race.

TABLE 423.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

As showing the effect of length of residence upon the earning ability of the Croatians, Magyars, and Servians in this industry, it will be seen that in most cases each race, as the length of residence in the United States increases, shows a material gain in the proportions earning each specified amount per week. That the proportions of Croatians who have been in the United States under five, from five to nine, and ten years or over, and who earn $7.50 or over per week, vary little, and that the proportions of the Servians who have been in the United States under five and from five to nine years, earning this same amount, show even a slighter variation, is apparent from the above table. the other hand, the Magyars, who have been in the United States

from five to nine years show a considerably larger proportion earning $7.50 or over per week than those who have been in the United States under five years, and a very much larger proportion earning that amount per week than those who have been in the United States ten years or over. These races report none earning as much as $17.50 per week.

The table next presented exhibits the data of the preceding table in a different form. In this table the races are classified under each specified period of residence in order to make possible a comparison between the several races.

TABLE 424.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

In the group who have been in the United States under five years the highest level of earnings of the three races is among the Croatians. There is only a slight difference in the earnings of the two remaining races, but, on the whole, the lowest level of earnings is among the Servians. Of those who have been in this country from five to nine years the Croatians still show the largest proportions in the higher wage groups. In the group who have been here ten years or over the Croatians also retain the same relative position.

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.

The following table shows by general nativity and race the husbands at work within the households studied:

TABLE 425.-Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

Of the total number of husbands 97.8 per cent are at work. The small proportion who were not at work were in the foreign-born families. All the native-born of native father and the native-born of foreign father report husband at work. Among the foreign-born a considerable proportion of the husbands are at work, the smallest being 90.3 per cent of the Servians. The English, Irish, Slovaks, and Magyars have all husbands at work. The Magyars and Slovaks show relatively low average earnings. The average annual earnings are discussed in the following table, which also shows the range in yearly earnings of male heads of families, by general nativity and race.

48296°-VOL 8-11-41

The following table shows the earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race:

TABLE 426.-Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272]

From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that the yearly earnings of the male heads of families in this locality average $368. The average for the foreign-born is $326, as against $430 for those native-born of native father and $577 for those native-born of foreign father. The average earnings of the foreign-born heads of families range from $524 for the English, $458 for the Irish, and $395 for the Slovenians to $245 for the Magyars and $204 for the Servians. Of the native-born of foreign father the Irish earn, upon the average, $652, the English $594, and the Germans $487.

Only a very small proportion of all the heads of families earn either under $100 a year or $1,000 a year or over, while 21.4 per cent of all the heads earn under $200, 64.5 per cent under $400, 88.8 per cent under $600, and 95.2 per cent under $800. The proportion of heads of families earning under $200, under $400, under $600, and under $800, respectively, is largest among the foreign-born, second largest among the native-born of native father, and smallest among the native-born of foreign father. Of the native-born of foreign father 10.7 per cent, as compared with only 1 per cent of the foreignborn and none of the native-born of native father, earn $1,000 or over. Of the foreign-born the Servians, Magyars, and Croatians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Slovenians and South Italians the smallest percentage of individuals earning under $200,