TABLE 417.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

Of 330 females in this community from whom information was obtained, the largest proportion, or 64.5 per cent, were without occupation before coming to this country, and of the remainder about the same proportion were working for wages as were working without wages. No females are reported who worked for profit before coming to the United States. The Croatians, Servians, and Magyars each show practically the same large proportions, or slightly over 77 per cent, who were without occupation before coming to the United States, and the South Italians show the smallest proportion, or 25.7 per cent. The South Italians, with 34.3 per cent, and the Germans, with 24.6 per cent, exhibit the largest proportions who worked for wages before coming to the United States, while the proportions of the other races are considerably lower, the smallest proportion, 7.8 per cent, being reported by the Croatians. The Slovenians and South Italians, with 45.7 per cent and 40 per cent, respectively, are the only races with large proportions of females who were working without wages before coming to the United States.

Of the total number reporting, 7.9 per cent were farm laborers working for wages, while the next largest proportion, or 6.7 per cent, were in domestic service, 2.1 per cent were in hand trades, as compared with less than 1 per cent employed as factory operatives or in other occupations. The South Italians with 31.4 per cent, Germans with 10.5 per cent, and Magyars with 10.4 per cent show the largest proportions of females who were farm laborers working for wages, while the proportion of no other race thus employed exceeds 2.5 per cent. The Germans report the largest proportion in domestic service abroad, while the South Italians report no females employed in this capacity abroad, the proportions of the other races ranging from 7.5 per cent of the Servians to 3.9 per cent of the Croatians. Two and nine-tenths per cent of the South Italians were employed as factory operatives, while of those employed in hand trades only three races, the Slovenians, Germans, and Croatians, with proportions ranging from 5.7 to 2.6 per cent, are represented. With the excep tion of the South Italians and Slovenians, who report 8.6 and 2.9 per

cent of their total number, respectively, in other occupations, the entire proportion of the other races who were working without wages were farm laborers in their native countries.

The tables next presented show, by race of individual, the industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at the time of their arrival in this country:

TABLE 418.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

TABLE 419-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of 633 males in this community for whom information was secured, 42.7 per cent were working for wages before coming to the United States, 39.7 per cent without wages, and 15 per cent for profit. With the exception of the Slovenians, each race shows a small proportion who were without occupation abroad, the Germans reporting the largest, or 6.7 per cent. Of those working for wages, the

Magyars, Germans, and South Italians, ranging from 73.5 to 60.4 per cent, show the largest proportions, followed by the Bulgarians, with 42.3 per cent, while the Croatians, with 13.7 per cent, show the smallest proportion, the Servians and Slovenians reporting 24.6 and 18.8 per cent, respectively. Of those working without wages, the Croatians, with 72.6 per cent, followed by the Servians and Slovenians, exhibit the largest proportions, while the smallest proportion, or 3.8 per cent, is shown by the Germans followed by the Magyars, 9.6 per cent of whom were thus employed. The Slovenians and Bulgarians have the largest proportions who were working for profit, or 22.9 per cent and 21.2 per cent, respectively. Twentythree and one-tenth per cent of the total number of males were farm laborers working for wages as compared with 9.3 per cent employed in hand trades, 2.5 per cent as laborers (other than farm), 1.4 per cent in the iron and steel industry, and 6.3 per cent in other occupations. The Magyars and Germans, with 56.6 and 43.8 per cent, respectively, exhibit the largest proportions who were farm laborers, followed by the South Italians and Servians with much smaller proportions; while, of the other races, the proportions range from 6.3 per cent of the Slovenians to 1.9 per cent of the Bulgarians, the smallest proportion reported. The Bulgarians, show 7.7 per cent of their total number were laborers other than on farms.

The Germans and Magyars, each with small percentages, are the only races reporting males who were in the iron and steel industry abroad; while, of those employed in hand trades, the Germans and Bulgarians, with 17.1 and 15.4 per cent, respectively, show the largest proportions, the proportions of the other races ranging from 9.6 per cent of the Magyars to 4.6 per cent of the Servians. Of those employed for wages in occupations other than those mentioned, the Bulgarians, closely followed by the South Italians, show the largest, and the Croatians the smallest, proportions. With the exception of the Bulgarians and South Italians, each reporting 1.9 per cent in other occupations, the entire proportion of each of the other races who worked without wages were farm laborers. It is very apparent, therefore, from the above comparisons that, with the exception of an extremely small proportion of Germans and Magyars, the males of the other races for whom information was secured have had absolutely no previous experience in the occupations in which they are now employed.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows the general occupation of females in the community who were 16 years of age or over, within the households studied. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of individual.

Table 420.—General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

(This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 554 females reporting complete data for the preceding table by far the greater proportion are seen to be at home. Practically none are at school. A very small percentage are employed in domestic service, the same proportion being found in trade; while a much larger percentage report themselves as otherwise employed. Among the foreign-born females, the South Italians report the largest proportion at home, followed by the Servians, Slovenians, Irish, Germans, Croatians, and Magyars, in the order named. The greatest difference between the races is seen among those reporting in domestic service, the Servians reporting the largest percentage. The Croatians and Irish come next, while the Germans, South Italians, and Slovenians show no women thus employed. Among those in trade the Slovenians lead, followed by the Irish, South Italians, and Germans, while the Croatians, Magyars, and Servians are without representation.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over, within the households studied, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 421.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The foregoing table furnishes data for 894 males 16 years of age or over. The larger number were in the iron and steel industry, a very low percentage in other industries, a still lower proportion were at home, and practically none were in school. Employees native-born of foreign father exhibit a larger proportion of their number employed in the steel industry than do the foreign-born. Of those at home the foreign-born show the highest percentage, followed very closely by the native-born of native father. The proportion of those at school is practically the same for males native-born of foreign father and native-born of native father, while none of the foreign-born attend school.

Of the foreign-born in the iron and steel industry the Irish exhibit the largest percentage, followed by the Slovenians, Croatians, Magyars, South Italians, Servians, and Germans in the order named, while the Bulgarians report a rather low percentage. Of those at home the Servians and Germans exhibit the largest percentage, the South Italians and Magyars follow very closely, while the Croatians present a very small proportion, and the Bulgarians, Slovenians, and Irish have none whatever.