HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COMMUNITY.

Immigration to Community C dates only from the year 1866, which marks the establishment both of the steel company's plant and the town itself. The building of the plant went on for several years, and the labor force was gradually drawn from many directions to carry on the work of steel production. A considerable number of highly skilled steel makers were brought from Sheffield, Birmingham, and Manchester, England, and these formed the nucleus of the new industry. Irish laborers came in the early seventies, but the main portion of the labor force consisted of men of Pennsylvania Dutch extraction, who entered the works and gradually developed into skilled steel workers.

A number of Welsh entered the works during the first decade of its history and a smaller number of Scotch. These races never constituted more than 2 and 1 per cent, respectively, of the working force. German immigrants were employed in large numbers during the early years. The Germans and Irish who arrived first came from other communities as well as from their native countries. The Irish employees, indeed, seemed to be here as the result of waves of immigration previous to the founding of Community C rather than to a continuous arrival since that time. At the present time the number of second generation Irish in the steel works is considerably greater than that of the first generation. The number of first generation Germans employed in the steel works, on the other hand, stands approximately two-thirds greater than the number of the second generation. The second generation of Germans is in general descended from natives of Germany, while a larger number of the recently arrived foreign-born Germans came not from Germany, but from Teutonic settlements in Hungary. They are known locally as "Hunkie Dutch" and live in the same section as do the Magyars, who have come from the same general region in Hungary. The older German immigrants and their descendants are hardly to be distinguished from the American population of the town, while the Hungarian Germans approximate the standard of living of the Magyars. The British immigrants and their descendants are well mingled with the Americans. Negroes also constituted an important part of the unskilled labor forces during the eighties and throughout the early history of the works.

In the middle and late eighties the first representatives of the races of southern and eastern Europe began to appear. These were Poles, Slovenians from the Province of Carniola, and Italians. During the early nineties a number of Magyar names appear upon the pay roll, but they do not seem to have been permanent accessions, for at present only 7 Magyars are found among the employees who have been over fifteen years in the country. The number of Italians in the employment of the company in 1890 was probably not over 25. If the history of immigration be considered by decades, the arrival of races is as follows:

1870-1880..

English.
Irish.
German.
Welsh.

The last four races are the most recent arrivals, and have come approximately in the order indicated. A large number of all four, as well as of Croatians and Hungarian-Germans, have come within the past two or three years. The Macedonians in particular had been here only a short time before the industrial depression of 1907 and 1908. Some of the Macedonians now in Community C are political refugees who became obnoxious to the Turkish Government for taking part in the revolution of 1903 or inciting rebellion in their home country. Several are well educated, being men of college training who have taught at private schools in Turkey. The majority, however, are unlettered peasants. Some of the more intelligent organized and conducted a Macedonian revolutionary organization which was affiliated with similar organizations in other parts of the United States, and the general direction of which centered at New York. The object of this organization was to secure publicity for the atrocities committed by the Turkish administration in Macedonia, and thus create sympathy and possibly lead to intervention. At the same time they collected funds and sent them, together with recruits, to keep up the fight against Turkey. The executive committee of the organization, composed of 25 men, lived in a house of its own which, as compared with the general run of alien houses, was well kept and furnished. This organization passed out of existence during the recent industrial depression.

The approximate number of members of different immigrant races and the order and period of their arrival having been indicated, it remains to trace in outline the process by which this migration has taken place. It should first be observed that the terms applied to the various groups of immigrants arriving in Community C are often misleading. For example, the so-called Servians, the most numerous of the Slavic subgroups, are with the exception of two individuals Hungarian-Servians whose former homes were in Croatia and Slavonia, or in southern Hungary, and not in Servia. They are racially identical with the Croatians, from whom they differ mainly in professing the Servian orthodox (Greek Catholic) religion and in the use of the Russian alphabet. The Bulgarians afford another example of a people whose racial and political affiliations are to be carefully distinguished. They have come not from Bulgaria, but from Macedonia in Turkey, for which reason it is convenient usually to refer to them as Macedonians. The bulk of the more recent German immigration likewise, as already pointed out, has come not from Germany, nor even from the Austrian

Provinces, but from the vicinity of Weisskirchen on the Servian frontier in southern Hungary. Finally the class of immigrants designated locally as Krainers-that is, inhabitants of the Austrian Province of Krain, or Carniola-are by race Slovenians. The Roumanians likewise have come from Transylvania and other parts of Hungary and not from Roumania. Many of the Croatians were born not in Croatia, but in numerous Slavic settlements scattered over southern Hungary. These facts make it evident that a considerable part of the foreign population consists of persons to whom emigration has become a family tradition. The grandparents of the immigrants whom the steel industry has drawn to Community C were impelled by similar economic motives to go from Servia, Wurttemberg, Saxony, Roumania, Croatia, or Austria, to the then sparsely settled regions of central and southern Hungary.

The circumstances which have governed immigration to this vicinity vary somewhat among the races. The Italians were attracted by the high wages to be earned in this country. Those who came first sent back intelligence of the economic opportunities here offered, and family after family was added to the little colony in process of gradual formation. One village alone, Cataleone Posentina, in Calabria, from which some of the earlier of the immigrants came to Community C, is now represented by 20 families or upward of 100 individuals. The Italian immigration has been almost exclusively from the southern Provinces. The Slovenians have come from a larger number of villages scattered over the whole area of Carniola. Some twenty are present from the village of two of the oldest and most influential Slovenians in Community C. The streams of Teutonic immigration from southern Hungary commenced with the arrival of an immigrant from the town of Weisskirchen, to which reference has been made. He wrote letters to fellow-townsmen, thereby starting a movement which attained large proportions. The majority of the Hungarian-Germans of Community C are from the environs of this Teutonic settlement on the Servian frontier. Of late Germans have also come from the Hungarian Province of Slavonia. One more instance of the way in which immigrants have advertised their new-found prosperity and its effect produced upon future immigration is seen in the case of the Macedonians. The insurrection of 1903 was the final cause making necessary the immediate departure from the country of many Macedonians implicated in it, but the glowing reports of a Macedonian candy maker in Philadelphia are said to have been a decided stimulus to immigration to America. The second Macedonian to arrive married an Austrian woman, and together they managed a store and boarding house, and soon he was writing accounts of his prosperity to friends in the village of Prilip, from whose environs almost the entire Macedonian population has since come. Thus villages in the Old World have gradually been disintegrated and as gradually reassembled in the polyglot foreign section of Community C.

As may easily be understood from the foregoing facts, many difficulties are met with in the attempt to classify immigrants from such a district as the Province of Banst, in Hungary. People are met with who speak German, Magyar, and Slavic, and claim racial affiliation as suits their convenience. It is quickly perceived by

such immigrants that the Germans have won a place in the thought of the native American population which is not accorded the Slav or Hungarian; consequently if they possess a knowledge of the German language, as very many Slavs and Magyars from this region do, there is often a strong temptation to pose as Teutons. Some Magyars who do not understand a word of German nevertheless attend the German church in preference to the Croatian-Slovenian (there being no Magyar congregation). The term "Austrian," with its Teutonic implications, is the term these immigrants ordinarily use in giving an account of themselves, and they are so designated by the native population.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The periods during which the different immigrant races arrived in Community C have been pointed out in the preceding section. Considerable additional light is shed upon the matter by the tables constructed from the data secured through the study of employees and households. The entire history of immigration to Community C is not of course exhibited by these tables, for some employees came to the community after working elsewhere in this country, although this is the exception rather than the rule. Similarly there has been a constant, although perhaps not large, emigration from the community to other industrial centers. This seems to have affected the Maygars who came earliest, and likewise the Poles who commenced coming to this vicinity in the eighties and promised for a time to acquire a permanent foothold. They were gradually outnumbered, however, by the southern Slavs, especially the Croatians, and so they drifted away to communities where their countrymen constituted a more significant fraction of the foreign population.

The following table shows by race the per cent of foreign-born male iron and steel workers who had been in the United States each specified number of years:

TABLE 413.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The foregoing table shows that, of 1,984 foreign-born male employees for whom information was obtained, 58.4 per cent had been in the United States under five years, and over 10 per cent had been here twenty years or over. The Irish have the fewest who have been here for the shorter period, and much the highest proportion of those who have been in the country twenty years or over. Macedonians, Magyars, Servians, and Croatians have the highest proportions of those who have been here under five years and small proportions in each of the other residence periods.

The

The table next presented shows by race of individual the per cent of foreign-born persons, within the households studied, who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 414.—Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

No deduction is

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the total number of persons, 55.3 per cent have been in the United States under five years; 78.2 per cent under ten years; and 90.6 per cent under twenty years. Of the specified races, the English and the Irish show the longest residence in the United States. Of the English only 4.8 per cent have been here less than twenty years and none have been here less than ten. Only 2.4 per cent of the Irish have been here under ten and 21.4 per cent under twenty. As compared with other more recent immigrants, the South Italians, Slovaks, and Slovenians show smaller proportions in this country for each specified number of years. The Bulgarians are the most recent arrivals, 95.6 per cent having been here less than five years and the remainder less than ten. The Magyars and Servians, also, have been a comparatively short time in the United States. A larger proportion of the South Italians have been here between ten and twenty years than any other period.