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MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The following table shows persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 411.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

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Of the 2,160 persons for whom detailed information was secured, 56.3 per cent are foreign-born, 30.9 per cent native-born of foreign father, and 12.7 per cent whites native-born of native father. While the foreign-born males and females each constitute a larger proportion of the total than do persons native-born of foreign father or native-born of native father, the contrast is not so marked among the females as among the males. The foreign-born Servians. Croatians, and Germans, with similar proportions, constitute 33.2 per cent of the total number of males for whom information was obtained. With the exception of the Bulgarian and Servian females, who constitute very small proportions of the total number of females, there is little difference in the proportions of the males and females among the foreign-born races.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The following table shows the number and per cent of male employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 412.-Male employees of for whom information was secured, by general nativity

and race.

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Of the 4,595 male employees in this locality for whom information was obtained, 43.5 per cent are foreign-born, 7.4 per cent native-born of foreign father, and 49.1 per cent native-born of native father.

Among the foreign-born male employees, information was obtained for a very much larger number of Croatians than Servians, and for a slightly larger number of Servians than Germans or Magyars, the employees of these races combined constituting 34.7 per cent of all males for whom information was obtained. As compared with the above, it will be noted that information was obtained for only a very small number of males of each remaining foreign-born race. Of persons native-born of foreign father, only the Germans and Irish constitute more than 1 per cent each of all employees for whom information was obtained, the former constituting a much larger proportion than the latter.

Among persons native-born of native father, the number of negroes for whom information was obtained constitute only 4.2 per cent of all male employees, while the number of whites constitute a slightly larger proportion than the total foreign-born.

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

Present population of the community-Industrial distribution of the populationHistory of immigration to the community-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time-The industrial depression of 1907 and 1908-Race substitution in the steel works-Methods employed to secure immigrant labor-[Text Tables 413 to 415 and General Tables 217 and 218].

PRESENT POPULATION OF THE COMMUNITY.

The population of Community C, as given by the last three censuses, was as follows:

1880.

1890.

1900.

2,447

9, 250

12, 086

The following figures for 1890 and 1900 show the number of immigrants at those dates:

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To show the number and racial composition of the population both before and since the recent industrial depression, the following figures are submitted. They are the result of estimates by a number of persons familiar with the situation, but at the best must be regarded as only approximate.

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INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION.

As stated before, the steel industry in Community C gives employment in normal times to 8,000 men. While a considerable number of these reside outside the limits of the community in adjoining villages or in the neighboring city, still there is no doubt that the greater portion of its population is connected with the steel works. Data regarding wages and hours of employment will be found in a later chapter.

The local traction company has occasion to employ a considerable number of unskilled laborers in the vicinity of Community C. It pays approximately the same as the steel company and maintains a sixty-hour week. A number of Macedonians have found employment during the summer with this company. A stone quarry on the outskirts of the community employs about 80 recent immigrants at contract prices, which yield a daily wage of $1.25 and $1.50, depending upon the nature of the work. The hours, as in contract work generally, vary with the pressure of business and the inclination of the laborer. A few foreign-born men are also employed at a small flour mill, at the local brewery (as drivers), and at the brickyards and other minor establishments, but the number of all of these combined is insignificant.

One other industry has recently been established near the foreign section of Community C, which already gives employment to about 800 working people. This is the cigar factory. It is one of three establishments under the same management, the other two being located in neighboring cities. It is an example of a typical "complementary" industry, making use of the labor of women and girls. whose presence in the community is due to the employment of their husbands and fathers at the steel works. During the past months cases have frequently occurred where the wife was able to secure work in a cigar factory and thus pull the family through the period of forced idleness of the head, who remained at home doing the housework and caring for the children. The greater part of the work is paid for on the piece plan. Learners are paid $3 a week at the start and after a certain amount of practice gradually increase their earnings, many making $7 in a sixty-hour week. A few men are employed at wages varying according to the nature of their work. There is no question that a certain number of foreign girls and boys employed in this establishment are at work because of false affidavits sworn to by parents, in which the age of the child is stated to be 14 (the legal minimum) when in reality it is only 12 or 13.

In general, the immigrant population has fitted into the industrial situation, scarcely modifying it in any way. No industries are conducted by immigrants except a small Macedonian bakery, which occupies the rear of a frame building on the West Side.

Immigrant consumers, however, constitute an important factor in the demand for one commodity in particular-beer. This business is carried on among them by a brewing company which owns the brewery referred to above, and a bottling concern which bottles and distributes beer brewed in a neighboring city.

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