native-born of native father the largest proportion among those who read as well as those who both read and write.

Of the foreign-born, the Scotch and Swedish are the only races showing the entire number able to both read and write. The English, Germans, and Welsh follow with 98.7, 97.4, and 97 per cent, respectively, both reading and writing, while the Russians, with 55.2 per cent, show much the smallest proportion in this comparison. Of the native-born of foreign father, all males whose fathers were born in Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Scotland both read and write.

The next table shows the literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, in the households studied, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 385.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

According to this table 1,212 individuals reported, 695 of whom are males and 517 females. Most of them are of foreign birth, 992 persons being so classified. In the general totals there is invariably a greater proportion of literate males than of females. Comparing the native-born and the foreign-born, the average of literacy is much in favor of the former, the figures being 72 per cent able to read and 70.6 per cent both reading and writing among the foreign-born, and 98.6 per cent reading and 98.2 per cent both reading and writing. among the native-born. The persons native-born of native father report 100 per cent reading and 99.2 per cent reading and writing, and the second generation report 96.9 per cent in each class. It will be observed that of the foreign-born races the Germans display the greatest degree of literacy, having 100 per cent able to read and 98.1 per cent able to both read and write. The Irish follow, with 92 per cent read

ing and 88 per cent reading and writing, and the Servians come next with 85.5 per cent in both classes.

The lowest standard prevails among the Ruthenians, only 42 per cent of whom can read and write. No other race, except the South Italian, falls below 50 per cent in literacy, and most are considerably above it. The Irish and Ruthenians report higher percentages for the females than for the males.

The ability to read and write of foreign-born persons in the households studied, by length of residence in the United States, is next considered. The table shows the per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and the per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

TABLE 386.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the total number of persons considered, the highest percentage able to read is found among those who have been in the United States at least ten years. Regarding those of a shorter residence, however, the proportion able to read is greater among the persons less than five years in the United States than among those who have been here from five to nine years. Similarly, the proportion able to read and write is largest, although by a narrow margin, among those who have been in the United States ten years or over; it is slightly less among those who have been here under five years, and smallest in the five to nine year group.

Of those in this country less than five years, the Ruthenians show the smallest proportion who are able to read and write. Only a small proportion of the North Italians here less than five years are able to read and write. Among those who have been here from five to nine years a knowledge of reading and writing is the least general among the South Italians followed by the Ruthenians, North Italians, Roumanians, and Croatians. Only 16.7 per cent of the South Italians who have been here as much as ten years can read or write, a degree of illiteracy approached by no other race in this group. Although the

high standard of literacy among the Germans-100 per cent of those here less than ten years both reading and writing-is not attained by any other race, the Servians, with 100 per cent of those here five to nine years and 83.3 per cent of those here less than five years able to read and write, make a creditable showing.

The effect of age at time of arrival in the United States upon ability to read and write is the subject of the following table, which shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the percentage who read and write, by age at time of arrival and race of individual

TABLE 387.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign

born.]

The table discloses very little difference in the extent of literacy among those persons who came to the United States under 14 years of age and those who came when they were 14 or over. The slightly greater proportion able to read or write is found among those who were at least 14 at time of their arrival, but several races show a much greater percentage for those who came as children. All the Croatians, Irish, and Poles who were under 14 at time of coming can read and write. Of the Croatians and Poles who were 14 or over, however, a relatively large proportion are illiterate. The Magyars present a condition very different from that of the Croatians and Poles. A relatively small proportion, or 52.9 per cent, of the Magyars who were under 14 years at time of arrival can read and write, whereas the literate among those who were 14 or over constitute 83.1 per cent. The North and South Italians have a low level of literacy in both classes. The Slovaks who came under 14 years of age report 55.6 per cent able to read and write, whereas those who were 14 or over at time of coming have 75.3 per cent able to read and 69.7 per cent able both to read and to write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

In all industrial centers the conjugal condition of the males has much to do with the systems of domestic economy. Large numbers of single men or of men whose families are in Europe increase the practice among housewives of keeping boarders and lodgers or lead to the adoption of a system of "boarding groups," whereby men without families live in groups under the management of a so-called boss. The absence of family ties also enables a man to move more easily from place to place, tending to lessen the degree of permanency and to discourage the acquiring of property and an interest in civic affairs. The series of tables which follows shows the conjugal condition of the persons in Community B. The first table is a statement of the male employees studied who were 20 years of age or over. The presentation is by general nativity and race.

TABLE 388.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

By far the greatest proportion, 63.6 per cent, of the male employees 20 years of age or over are married, 35.3 per cent are single, and 1.5 per cent are widowed. In every nativity group the greater proportion are married, the percents ranging from 55.8 of the native-born of foreign father to 64.4 of the foreign-born.

Of the foreign races only the Roumanians have a greater proportion of single than of married males. Other races with large propor

The

tions single are the Russians, Croatians, Poles, and Swedes. married state is most general among the races of past immigration, the English, Welsh, German, Irish, and Scotch, and in addition among the Slovenians and Slovaks. The native-born males whose fathers were born in Scotland report equal numbers married and single.

The Welsh, with 9.1 per cent, have a larger proportion widowed than any other race. The Irish, with 5.9 per cent, and the Servians, with 4.9 per cent, follow the Welsh. The Scotch and Slovenians have no males widowed, and several races have less than 1 per cent so reported.

The conjugal condition of the 7,404 males discussed in the preceding table is next shown in greater detail, the tabulation being in age groups and by general nativity and race.

TABLE 389.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The proportions of male employees married are largest among those 45 years of age or over; but the proportions married among those 30 to 44 years of age are only slightly less. In the group 20 to 29 years of age the greater part of the employees are single, only 39.5 per cent of all the males, 40 per cent of the foreign-born, 42.6 per