The table next presented gives, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household. Averages are computed on the basis (1) of the total number of households, and (2) of the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers.

TABLE 377.-Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]

The 421 households average 4.82 boarders or lodgers per household, but, taking into consideration only those households actually keeping boarders or lodgers, 60.1 per cent of the whole, the average is 8.02 to the household. This high average is due to the foreign households, among which it is a common practice to keep boarders or lodgers, the average per household being 8.13 persons. Among the native-born of foreign father there is no household in which boarders or lodgers are kept. Only 4 of the households whose heads are native-born of native father keep boarders or lodgers, and these 4 have but 6 boarders or lodgers among them.

Among the households whose heads are foreign-born, the Roumanians have the largest number of boarders or lodgers, the average being 12 when based on the total number of households of that race and 13.44 when based on the number keeping boarders or lodgers. No other race approaches very closely to the Roumanian in this respect, but the Croatians, Servians, and Germans have a higher average number of boarders or lodgers per household than the total for all the races. It should be noted, too, that while the Germans

average 6.57 boarders or lodgers based on the total number of German households, the average based on the households of that race actually keeping boarders or lodgers is 12.58, a number exceeded only by the Roumanians.

SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.

A comparison of the races by size of apartment occupied is necessary in a study of living conditions, especially with regard to the amount of rent paid, the number of households, and persons in the households. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 378.-Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The table above presented shows that of the 421 households reporting complete data 4.5 per cent occupy apartments of 1 room, 11.2 per cent have 2 rooms, 11.6 per cent 3 rooms, 32.3 per cent 4 rooms, 20.7 per cent 5 rooms, 12.6 per cent 6 rooms, and 7.1 per cent 7 rooms or more. As in other comparisons, these figures are the result of the large number of foreign households, the native-born reporting no apartments of less than 4 rooms, while more than onehalf of them are of 6 rooms or more.

Comparing the foreign-born and the native-born of native father, it is seen that 30.3 per cent of the former and none of the latter occupy apartments of 3 rooms or less. A larger proportion of the foreign-born live in apartments of 4 rooms than in those of any other size, while the native-born of native father report the fewest households in this size apartment. It will be seen that a very large proportion, 90.3 per cent, of the native-born of native father, in con

trast with only 34.8 per cent of the foreign-born, live in apartments having 5 rooms or more.

Among the various foreign races, the Servians, with 14.3 per cent, show the largest proportion occupying apartments of only 1 room, followed by the Germans, with 13 per cent, while none of the Irish, North Italians, or Poles reporting occupy 1-room apartments. The Slovaks with 38.9 per cent, followed by the Germans with 30.4 per cent and the Poles with 25 per cent, show large proportions in apartments of 2 rooms, while none of the North Italians and Servians occupy apartments of this size. The Ruthenians with 28.1 per cent, followed by the Poles with 20.8 per cent, show the largest proportion in apartments of 3 rooms, while the Germans with only 4.3 per cent show the smallest. At least 25 per cent of all races except the Germans and Slovaks occupy apartments of 4 rooms. The Servians, with 33.3 per cent, show the largest proportion occupying apartments of 5 rooms, and the Poles, with 8.3 per cent, the smallest. The Irish have 25 per cent of their households in apartments of 6 rooms, while none of the Germans or Ruthenians, and only 2.8 per cent of the Slovaks, occupy apartments of this size. The Germans, with 21.7 per cent, have the largest proportion in apartments of 7 rooms or more, and the Roumanians come next. None of the Magyars, Poles, Ruthenians, Servians, or Slovaks occupy apartments of as many as 7 rooms.

SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The number of persons per household-a subject of first importance in this study, as indicating the degree of crowding-is next discussed. The table immediately following shows by general nativity and race of head of household the per cent of households of each specified number of persons:

TABLE 379.-Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity and race of head of household.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.

General nativity and race of

Total number of

Average

head of household.

house

holds.

Of the 421 households reporting, the largest proportion, 33.3 per cent, are households of 10 or more persons, while the remainder, 66.7 per cent, are fairly evenly divided among the numbers from 2 to 9.

Comparing foreign households and the native-born of native father, it will be seen that, while the foreign-born show 36.9 per cent of their households to consist of 10 or more persons, the remainder being not very unevenly divided among the other groups, the nativeborn of native father show 29 per cent of their households to consist of but 3 persons, the households of 4, 5, and 8 persons, respectively, constituting 19.4 per cent of the whole in each case. Two American households have 2 persons each, 1 has 6 and 1 has 7. No native. household numbers as many as 9 persons.

The several foreign races, with the exception of the Germans, Irish, and Slovaks, show a larger proportion of households to have 10 or more persons, than any other specified number. The Germans show their largest proportion to be households of 2 persons; the Irish show an equal proportion, 20.8 per cent, of households of 5 and of 7 persons; and the Slovaks show a larger proportion of households of 4 persons than of any other number.

On the whole, the Roumanians have the largest households, 43 of the 56 reporting, or 76.8 per cent, consisting of at least 10 persons; the Croatians follow, with 38 out of 60 households, or 63.3 per cent. The Servians, with 11 out of 21 households, have 52.4 per cent.

This table is of interest in connection with Tables 376 and 377, pages 545 and 546, which show the extent to which the various races have boarders or lodgers in their homes.

CONGESTION.

A summary of the conditions as to crowding in the households studied is next presented. The table presented shows by general nativity and race of head of household the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.

TABLE 380.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Among the foreign races we find the Roumanians with the highest average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, while the Croatians rank second throughout. It is noticeable that the Slovaks, who have the smallest average number of persons per apartment, have a relatively high proportion of persons per sleeping room. This appears to indicate that not so many of the rooms are used for sleeping purposes as among other races, a question which has considerable bearing on the subject and which is discussed later on. The table next presented shows the range in the number of persons per room in the households studied, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 381.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The table shows an average of 2.01 persons per room in the 421 households. In 12.1 per cent of the households there is less than 1 person to a room; 31.6 per cent of the households average 1 but less than 2 to a room, 34 per cent average 2 but less than 3, 15.4 per cent average 3 but less than 4, and a small proportion-6.9 per centaverage 4 or more persons to a room. In the 31 households of the native-born of native father there is an average of 0.77 persons per room, 61.3 per cent of the households averaging less than 1 person to a room, and none of them as many as 2. Eight of the 11 households whose heads are native-born of foreign father average 1 but less than 2 persons to a room; the others have less than 1. The Roumanians have 25 per cent of their households with 4 or more persons to a room, by far the worst conditions shown. The Magyars with 7 per cent, the Croatians with 6.7 per cent, and the Ruthenians with 6.3 per cent follow. No Irish or Poles report such crowded conditions. The Roumanians have 51.8 per cent of their households living 3