support. The foreign-born have the maximum proportion of families with an income from the payments of boarders or lodgers.

No foreign-born race approaches the native-born in the proportion of children contributing to the support of the family; their highest figure is for the Magyars, 10.7 per cent, while the Croatians and Servians have no children so reported. Roumanians, Croatians, and Servians keep boarders and lodgers to the greatest extent, and the Slovaks, with only 32.3 per cent, have the smallest proportion. The Croatians and Servians derive no income from sources other than husband, wife, and boarders or lodgers.

The source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of household, is disclosed in the tables next presented, each source specified being exclusive of all other sources:

TABLE 368.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)

The foregoing table shows that the three chief sources of income among the families included in this inquiry are the husband alone, the husband and boarders or lodgers, and miscellaneous sources not specified. Of these, the second is the most important, 50.8 per cent of all the families being so maintained. The proportion of the total foreign-born is somewhat above this figure, and certain foreign races exceed it largely. For the entire income to be derived from the husband and boarders or lodgers is much less common with the nativeborn families, who have a large proportion supported by the income of husband alone, and with whom, as shown in the preceding table, contributions of children are not unusual. Among the foreign-born the percentages which derive their income from husband and boarders or lodgers vary from 22.6 per cent for the Slovaks to 82.4 per cent for the Croatians. Wives furnish only a very small source of income,

and children are important in only a few cases. Among native American families, children alone are the means of support in 9.1 per cent of the cases.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

As already seen, the races vary considerably in the extent to which family income is derived from sources other than the earnings of the husband alone. What proportion of the income is so acquired is indicated in the following table, which shows the percentage of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 369.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the total income of the selected families, 64.4 per cent is from the earnings of the husband and 26.1 per cent is from the payments of boarders or lodgers. Only very small proportions of the family income are from the other specified sources.

The husband's earnings form the greater part of the family income in each nativity class, but the proportion is larger among persons native-born of native father than among the foreign-born. The most significant difference in family income between the native-born of native father and the foreign-born is that aside from husband's earnings the payments of boarders or lodgers are the only important factor of the foreign-born and the contributions of children the only item of weight among the native-born of native father.

The Roumanians are the only race in which the husband's earnings. do not compose the greater part of the family income. Of the total income of that race, 54.7 per cent is from the payments of boarders. or lodgers. The Slovaks, Poles, North Italians, and Ruthenians show large proportions of income from husband and small proportions from boarders or lodgers. The Magyars largely exceed the other foreign races in contributions of children, but do not approach the American figure of 25.4 per cent.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-Reasons for employment of immigrants-[Text Tables 370 and 371 and General Table 182].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

Regularity of employment, always a potent factor in the economic rise of an industrial community, was made the subject of study in Community B as elsewhere. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the year covered by the investigation, by males 16 years of age or over in the households studied who were employed outside of the home. TABLE 370.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table discloses the fact that 93.5 per cent of the males worked at least three months, 78.6 per cent at least six months, 51.1 per cent at least nine months, and 33.4 per cent, or one in three, the full twelve months of the year. These figures are only slightly higher than those for the foreign-born, the native-born having little effect on the totals because of the comparatively small number reporting. Persons native-born of native father rank highest in two of the columns, and the second generation ranks highest in the other

Among the foreign-born the Poles make the best showing. All of these people worked at least six months, and 58.6 per cent worked the entire year. They are followed by the Slovaks, 93 per cent of whom worked at least six months, while 48.8 per cent worked throughout the year. The Croatians report 44.2 per cent, and the Ruthenians 40.8 per cent, working all twelve months. The Servians, with 2.6 per cent, and the Germans, with 3.7 per cent, show the

lowest proportions at work throughout the year. The highest per cent working at least nine months is the 79.3 of the Poles. This is followed by the Irish 73.3 per cent, and the Slovak 67.4 per cent. The smallest proportion in this group is the 15.4 per cent of the Servians and the next is the 31.4 per cent of the Magyars. After the Poles, the Irish, with 93.3 per cent, and the Slovaks, with 93 per cent, have the largest proportions working as much as six months. The lowest percentage is that of the Servians, 53.8, immediately preceded by the 64.3 per cent of the Roumanians and the 65.7 per cent of the Magyars. The Irish, Poles, and Slovaks report 100 per cent working at least three months, the North Italians, Magyars, and Ruthenians report over 90 per cent, and the other races between 85 and 90 per cent.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.

The extent to which the males of the various races become members of trade unions is disclosed in the next table, which shows the affiliation with such unions of males 21 years of age or over in the households studied who were working for wages. The presentation is by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 371.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.

This table, based upon information obtained from 549 males, shows only 20, or 3.6 per cent, affiliated with trade unions. Ten of the 54 native-born, or 18.5 per cent, and 10 of the 495 foreign-born, or 2 per cent, belong to some union. The only foreign-born affiliated with trade unions are 9 of the 30 Irish, or 30 per cent, and 1 of the 59 Magyars, or 1.7 per cent.

REASONS FOR EMPLOYMENT OF IMMIGRANTS.

The principal reason for the employment in the local industries of members of races both of past and recent immigration has been the inadequacy of the local labor supply in the face of the rapid expansion of the local industries. Labor had to be secured from outside sources, and immigrant labor was found to be the only available supply. In addition to this general and fundamental cause for the employment of immigrants, on one occasion a large steel plant in the community used Magyar and other recent immigrants to take the positions of a number of its former employees who were out on strike.

CHAPTER V.

GENERAL COST AND STANDARD OF LIVING.

Explanation of data-Summary statement of facts relative to representative households.

EXPLANATION OF DATA.

As in the case of other localities it has been thought profitable, in addition to the purely statistical material, to submit data more detailed and descriptive relative to housing and living conditions. Along with it there have also been presented facts of salient importance relative to the households of the immigrant iron and steel workers in the community in order that a general conception of the significance of this population might be had from a study of concrete cases. The material covering different items of expenditure are not designed to afford a basis for any study of cost of living but are inserted for the purpose of throwing light upon the prevailing standards of living.

SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FACTS RELATIVE TO REPRESENTATIVE

HOUSEHOLDS.

HOUSEHOLD NO. 1-AMERICAN.

The house is a single frame of six rooms, with toilet in the yard, and one well of water, which is also used by two other families. The dwelling is in fair condition, but somewhat old in appearance and needing a coat of paint to freshen its exterior. The rooms are fairly large, but the ceilings, walls, and floors need attention. Fairly good care has been given the house by its tenants, who own it, but it looks slovenly and untidy inside, though not absolutely dirty.

One of the three bedrooms is occupied by the father and mother, another by their son, and the third by their three daughters. The kitchen and dining room serve as living rooms, the parlor being kept for use on special occasions only.

The man is 55 years old and the wife is three years his junior. They have been married thirty-five years and have 8 children. The 4 oldest are married and live away from home, and the other 4 live at home with their parents. All can read and write, and the local newspapers are subscribed to. The father belongs to an American beneficiary order.

The father, a puddler, earns $4 per day, and the son, an operator, $2.50 per day. One of the daughters works as telephone operator and another as a dressmaker. All earnings are contributed to the family income, and as only the father lost any time during the year, the combined earnings of the four amounted to $2,700. In spite of this large amount coming in, the family claim that they have no bank account and that the only property owned is their $3,000 home. The house is, however, entirely free of all mortgage or incumbrance.