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while one-fifth of their number earn $1,000 or more. The foreignborn have practically one-half (49.8 per cent) earning less than $400. The Irish, both native and foreign born, have higher annual earnings than the American whites, but no other race approaches their figures. The Poles rank next, with $585, followed by the South Italians with $567 and the Slovaks with $480. The lowest averages are those of the Servians, who report $250, and of the Magyars, who report $329. The Irish of both generations, the South Italians, and the Magyars show higher average earnings in this table than in that of heads of families.

Of all males 18 years of age or over, 16.2 per cent earn under $200, 45.8 per cent earn under $400, 76.3 per cent earn under $600, and 95.7 per cent earn under $1,000. The largest proportion, 30.5 per cent, have earnings between $400 and $600; 29.6 per cent receive between $200 and $400; and 19.4 per cent receive between $600 and $1,000. The foreign-born Irish report 30 per cent of their number earning $1,000 or more, the American whites following with 24.4 per cent. The foreign-born Irish and Poles have no males 18 years of age or over earning less than $200, though the American whites have 8.9 per cent so reporting. Not one of the 40 Servians earns as much as $600, and only 5 of them earn $400 or more. Only 3 of the 67 Magyars, or 4.5 per cent, in contrast with 18 of the 30 Irish, or 60 per cent, earn as much as $600.

ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.

The average earnings of individuals having been considered, the total incomes of 374 selected families, in all cases including contributions from other sources than the head of the family, are next presented. The first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount.

TABLE 362.-Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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The preceding table shows that the average family income of the 374 selected families is $730. The average income of the foreign-born is $690, of the native-born of foreign father, $818, and of employees native-born of native father, $1,100.

Of all the families 92.5 per cent have incomes below $1,500, and 13.1 per cent have incomes under $300. Among the foreign-born races, the Poles have no families whose income is under $300, while the Servians and Magyars have 35 and 35.7 per cent, respectively. Fifty per cent of the North Italians, 55 per cent of the Servians, and 64.3 per cent of the Magyars have less than $500 a year. No North Italian and no Slovak family has as much as $1,000 a year, though 32.7 per cent of the Roumanians and 31.4 per cent of the Croatians have such incomes. The two races last named have the largest proportions with as much as $1,500 a year, their average incomes being largely in excess of those of any other race except the American white. The Magyars have the smallest average income.

WIVES AT WORK.

In order to ascertain to what extent married women contribute to the family support, the following table, showing the number and per cent of wives at work within the households studied, is presented, by general nativity and race of head of family. On account of the small number involved, the average earnings are not computed.

TABLE 363.-Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

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The preceding table shows that of the wives in the 374 selected families in this locality, only 7, or 1.9 per cent, are at work. The foreign-born report 1.8 per cent as compared with 3 per cent of the whites native-born of native father.

Among the foreign-born who report in sufficient numbers to admit. of comparison, 3 of the 17 Germans, 2 of the 20 Servians, and 1 of the 49 Roumanians are at work.

48296°-vol 8-11-34

ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented shows the approximate yearly earnings. of the females 18 years of age or over in the households studied, who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 364.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

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This table shows only 24 females 18 years of age or over reporting in the household study as working for wages. The average annual earnings of these women are $278, the excessively low earnings of some outweighing the fact that 14 of the 24 earn $300 or more and 2 earn as much as $400. These 14 are American white and nativeborn Irish.

RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.

The following tables show the number and per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders, in the households studied, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

TABLE 365.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

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a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.

This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 366.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

Of the selected families only those which have

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

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This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as “none."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the total number of families studied in these tables, 61.4 per cent of the wives either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, the foreign-born showing a much larger proportion than that of the whites native-born of native father. The largest proportion of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers are wives of husbands whose earnings are $400 and under $600, while the smallest proportion are wives of husbands whose earnings are $600

or over.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

Notwithstanding the fact that very few wives in this community are employed outside the home, every race shows a considerable number of families augmenting the income by keeping boarders or lodgers, and nearly all report contributions by children and from other sources. The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other

sources:

TABLE 367.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.

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Of the 374 selected families, 96.8 per cent have incomes from the earnings of the husband, 59.1 per cent have incomes from boarders or lodgers, 10.4 per cent from sources not specified, 9.4 per cent from children, and only 1.9 per cent from the wife employed. In every class of families the proportion having an income from the earnings of husband is considerably greater than the proportion having an income from any other source. Employees native-born of native father, however, have a smaller proportion with an income from the earnings of the husband than have the foreign-born. On the other hand, a larger percentage of the children of persons native-born of native father than of the foreign-born contribute to the family

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